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ABSTRACT In recent years, high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have spread among wild, captive, and domestic birds, as well as mammals . Beyond the resulting economic and ecological losses , spillover into mammals has raised concerns about a potential pandemic . Viral tropism refers to the spectrum of host species, organs, and cells susceptible and permissive to viral infection . It is a potent driver of infection dynamics and shedding patterns, which presents important variations both between and within hosts: in poultry, HPAIV leads to systemic endothelial infection in domestic chickens , whereas neurological and selective epithelial infections are observed in domestic ducks . In mammals , infection can result in respiratory and neurological disease , but the recent outbreaks in domestic dairy cows highlighted a unique and remarkable adaptation to the mammary gland prone to viral shedding in milk. The present review explores viral tropism of HPAIV across recent spillov...

Abstract A reemergence of parvovirus B19 infections in Spain in early 2024 prompted a 10-year review of the virus at a tertiary center. We identified 8 case-patients with neurologic manifestations who had parvovirus B19 in cerebrospinal fluid . Early recognition and management of parvovirus B19–associated neurologic conditions will help yield favorable outcomes. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0278_article ____

  New human cases {2}:  -- From 28 May to 1 July 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in nine humans , influenza A( H9N2 ) in three humans and influenza A( H10N3 ) in one human were reported officially. Additionally, one human case of infection with an influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected.  Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3} The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events.  -- Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment, the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses circulating at t...

{Excerpt} 1. Background   A risk assessment exercise using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment ( TIPRA ) was conducted for Clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) genotype B3.13 virus in Aug – Oct 2024 .   From late 2023, unexplained illnesses were reported in dairy cattle across multiple states in the United States .  Following those events , detection of avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle from Texas was confirmed on 25 March 2024.  As of 9 December 2024 , the virus has been detected in 720 dairy cattle herds across 15 states, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with a total of 47 human infections from poultry and dairy cattle sources, excluding 11 human cases from Washington state , that might belong to genotype D1.1, also reported.  Wild and domestic animals (e.g., cats, raccoons) near infected herds have been affected as well.  The outbreak remains uncontrolled .  Due to the unprecedented spread of the virus among ...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/hieronymus-bosch/the-seven-deadly-sins-and-the-four-last-things-1485 ____

{Summary} HIGHLIGHTS •  The investigation demonstrated a high level of tolerance of EBOV to thermal disinfection. •  A water-bath is recommended and the tubes should be fully submerged during the process. •  The established inactivation guidelines should be followed very strictly. Dear Editor, Viruses of the genus Orthoebolavirus cause sporadic outbreaks of severe haemorrhagic fever, with case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90% (Mahanty and Bray, 2004). Six species of the virus (Orthoebolavirus zairense, sudanense, bundibugyoense, taiense, restonense, and bombaliense) have so far been identified (Biedenkopf et al., 2023). Among these, Orthoebolavirus zairense , commonly known as Ebola virus (EBOV), stands out as the most virulent . Given its high contagiousness and lethality, EBOV must be manipulated under biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) conditions, as stipulated by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China's list of human pathogenic microorganisms. P...

Abstract Avian Influenza viruses (AIVs) present a public health risk, especially with seasonal vaccines offering limited protection. AIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has caused a multi-state outbreaks in the United States (US) poultry and cattle since March 2024, raising pandemic concerns . We developed a nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-deficient mutant of a low pathogenic version of the cattle-origin human influenza A/Texas/37/2024 H5N1 , namely LPhTXdNS1, and assessed its safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy . LPhTXdNS1 is attenuated in vitro , showing reduced replication efficiency in Vero cells and inability to control IFNβ promoter activation. The LPhTXdNS1-immunized C57BL/6 J mice exhibit significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity compared to those infected with the low pathogenic version expressing NS1, namely LPhTX. Notably, a single intranasal dose of LPhTXdNS1 elicited protective immune responses, providing robust protection against lethal wild-type H5N1 challe...

  Di Bruno Cividini - https://www.ilportaledeitreni.it/2018/06/07/d-341-1025-san-candido-febbraio-1975/ , Pubblico dominio,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78316787 Source: Wikipedia,  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiva_FS_D.341#/media/File:FS_D.341.1025-2.1975-S.Candido.jpg ____

  BMJ HOUSE TA Pandemic response: no one is immune to getting things wrong. BMJ. 2025;390:r1415. PubMed          BHATT N Covid-19: Indian health ministry refutes links between sudden cardiac death and vaccination. BMJ. 2025;390:r1426. PubMed          Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol NEARY M, Quan K, Tjoa T, Bittencourt CE, et al Did universal masking during the COVID-19 pandemic reduce MRSA and MSSA acquisition in the NICU? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2025 Jul 11:1-6. doi: 10.1017/ice.2025.10209. PubMed           Abstract available Int J Infect Dis BERG J, Linden K, Zaigham M, Domellof M, et al The Association between Antenatal SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Infant Neurodevelopment at Four Months of Age: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Survey within the COPE Study. Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 3:107973. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107973. PubMed        ...

  Antiviral Res MALUNE P, Esposito F, Tramontano E Unveiling SARS-CoV-2's heart: role, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res. 2025 Jun 3:106208. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106208. PubMed           Abstract available LUO YS, Shen H, Ling P, Gao H, et al Tirofiban protects mice against severe RSV pneumonia by potentially inhibiting platelet activation via the GPIbalpha-vWF pathway. Antiviral Res. 2025;240:106207. PubMed           Abstract available Biochem Biophys Res Commun FAN Z, Li J, He L, Li Q, et al Nanobody-based fluorescent immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 spike detection via site-specific microbial transglutaminase labeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025;775:152162. PubMed           Abstract available BMC Pediatr ANARI AM, Teymoorzadeh L, Nasiri R, Narimani S, et al COVID-19-associated multiple colonic perforatio...

Report of a WHO virtual scientific consultation, September 2024 © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo ).   Executive summary   Avian influenza viruses – particularly A(H5) – pose a significant risk for potential pandemics as they can infect humans and other mammals .  The high mutation rate of influenza viruses raises concerns about their potential to adapt for efficient human-to-human transmission .  Influenza vaccines are crucial tools in mitigating the impact of influenza epidemics and pandemics.  Given the global circulation of A(H5) viruses – especially the spillover to dairy cattle since early 2024 – and the rapidly evolving vaccine landscape, the World Health Organization (WHO) held a virtual scientific consultation on 12–13 September 2024 to review:  --...

  Highlights • All clades of monkeypox virus (MPXV) continue to circulate in several countries. When mpox outbreaks are not rapidly contained and human-to-human transmission is not interrupted , they continue to pose a risk of sustained community transmission .   • Since the last edition of this report, no new countries have reported cases of clade Ib MPXV for the first time.   • Nineteen countries in Africa have reported ongoing mpox transmission in the past six weeks. Clade IIb MPXV continues to be reported in West Africa , while Central African countries report both clade Ia and clade Ib MPXV, and East African countries report clade Ib MPXV .  • The recent overall downward trend of confirmed cases across the continent is driven by the decrease in cases in Sierra Leone , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and some reporting delays. Challenges with access to testing continue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.   • An upward trend has bee...

  {Excerpt} Time Period: June 29, 2025 - July 05, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  2 sites ( 0.6% ) -- No Detection :  330 sites ( 99.4% ) -- No samples in last week :  77 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____