ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract Mpox was first identified against the backdrop of the smallpox eradication campaign. Monkeypox virus (MPXV), the causative agent of mpox, has been maintained in animal reservoirs in the forested regions of West and Central Africa as 2 distinct clades ; clade I has historically caused more severe infection in Central Africa than clade II , historically found in West Africa . However, rapid reemergence and spread of both MPXV clades through novel routes of transmission have challenged the known characteristics of mpox. We summarize mpox demographic distribution , clinical severity , and case-fatality rates attributed to genetically distinct MPXV subclades and focus on MPXV clade Ib, the more recently identified subclade. Broad worldwide assistance will be necessary to halt the spread of both MPXV clades within mpox endemic and nonendemic regions to prevent future outbreaks. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/24-1551...

ABSTRACT Tumors of infectious origin globally represent 13%. Oncogenic DNA viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are responsible for approximately 60% of these tumors . These oncoviruses are extensively studied to understand their role in cancer development, particularly through viral genome integration into the host DNA . Retroviruses require integration mediated by viral integrase for persistence, whereas DNA oncoviruses do not need integration for replication ; instead, integration occurs incidentally. This process often targets fragile sites in the human genome, causing structural rearrangements that disrupt genes, activate proto-oncogenes, and increase genomic instability , all contributing to tumorigenesis. Integration near promoter regions and active genes is closely linked to carcinogenesis, highlighting its importance in developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes viral integration’s role ...

Abstract Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe neurological disease in humans . The first NiV outbreak, in Malaysia , involved pig-to-human transmission , that resulted in significant economic losses to the local pig industry. Despite the risk NiV poses to pig-dense regions, no licensed vaccines exist . This study therefore assessed three NiV vaccine candidates in pigs: (1) adjuvanted soluble NiV (s)G protein, (2) adjuvanted pre-fusion stabilised NiV (mcs)F protein, and (3) adenoviral vectored NiV G (ChAdOx1 NiV G). NiV sG induced the strongest neutralising antibody response , NiV mcsF induced antibodies best able to neutralise cell-cell fusion, whereas ChAdOx1 NiV G elicited CD8+ T-cell responses. Despite differences in immunogenicity, prime-boost immunisation with all candidates conferred a high degree of protection against NiV infection. Follow-up studies demonstrated longevity of immune responses and broadly comparable immune responses in Bangladeshi pigs under field conditions. These ...

Abstract In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses were first detected in U.S. dairy cattle . Similar viruses have since caused 70 zoonotic human infections . To assess changes to zoonotic potential , we characterized A( H5N1 ) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from cows’ milk and birds . Bovine-derived viruses are lethal in mice and ferrets and transmit to direct but not airborne contact ferrets. All viruses replicate in human bronchial epithelial cells despite preferentially binding avian virus-like receptors. The bovine-derived viruses remain susceptible to FDA-approved antivirals , and they are inhibited by sera from ferrets vaccinated with WHO-recommended candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) or human sera from clade 2.3.4.4c vaccinees. While 2.3.4.4b viruses induce severe disease in mammalian models , they retain many avian virus-like characteristics. Combined, we conclude that the risk of contemporary bovine-derived viruses to humans not in contact ...