ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein . Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process . Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal cau...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/el-greco/christ-driving-the-traders-from-the-temple-1600 ____

Abstract With the recent rise in cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b infection in humans and animals , there is an associated increase in the risk of human-to-human transmission . In this study, we characterize a recombinant A(H5N1) A/American Wigeon/South Carolina/22/000345-001/2021 (A/AW/SC/2021) clade 2.3.4.4b vaccine . Purified recombinant A/AW/SC/2021 HA trimers formulated with Matrix-M® adjuvant, saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid combination arranged in cage-like particles, are found to non-covalently anchor to the vertices of the Matrix-M and form A(H5N1) HA–Matrix-M nanoparticles (H5-MNPs). In naïve female mice , two intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) doses of A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces robust antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses , including neutralizing antibodies against A(H5N1). In non-human primates (NHPs) primed with seasonal influenza vaccine , a single IM or IN dose of the A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces geometr...

Abstract Seasonal influenza vaccines are most frequently delivered as intramuscular inactivated vaccines which elicit systemic responses against the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain . An intranasally administered, live-attenuated influenza vaccine designed to stimulate mucosal immunity , FluMist, is the sole intranasal vaccine approved in the United States. However, FluMist has lower systemic immunogenicity and efficacy in adults compared to intramuscular formulations. In this study, human mucosal and systemic immunity were examined following seasonal intramuscular or intranasal vaccination. Nasopharyngeal swabs of adenoid tissue were used to longitudinally sample the upper airway. Notably, FluMist induced substantial increases in upper respiratory tract IgG+ and IgA+ HA-specific memory B cells , which displayed an activated CD27+CD21- phenotype. H1, H3, and influenza B virus HA-specific memory B cells were all detected in the upper airway after intranasal immunization and...

  Di Gianni Careddu - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38983387 Source: Wikipedia,  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_ARST_ADe ____

  Antiviral Res LEBEDIN M, Petrovsky N, Tabynov K, Tabynov K, et al SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection of hamsters via nasal administration of a humanized neutralizing antibody. Antiviral Res. 2025;241:106235. PubMed           Abstract available BMJ ARETOULI E, Malik M, Widmann C, Parker AM, et al Cognitive and mental health outcomes in long covid. BMJ. 2025;390:e081349. PubMed           Abstract available Clin Infect Dis SIZA C, Plucinski M, Lessa FC, Campelo E, et al Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Gamma Variant Outbreak in Manaus, Brazil. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 16:ciaf318. doi: 10.1093. PubMed           Abstract available SHOHAM S, Dioverti MV Combination Therapy for Protracted COVID-19: When More is More. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 16:ciaf384. doi: 10.1093. PubMed    ...

  Ann Intern Med CROSLEY E, Martin GS In COVID-19 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, awake prone positioning vs. supine positioning increases survival without intubation. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jul 1. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-02004. PubMed           Abstract available JACOBS JW, Booth GS, Lewis-Newby M, Saifee NH, et al Medical, Societal, and Ethical Considerations for Directed Blood Donation in 2025. Ann Intern Med. 2025 May 13. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-00815. PubMed           Abstract available Arch Virol NEMOTO M, Kawanishi N, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, et al Growth properties of recombinant equine influenza viruses with different backbones generated by reverse genetics in embryonated chicken eggs. Arch Virol. 2025;170:181. PubMed           Abstract available BMC Pediatr SOMERS J, Hansen B, Burger J, Aronoff S, et al Newborn RSV immunization rates and reasons compared...

ABSTRACT The Henipavirus genus comprises five viral species, of which the prototype members, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are reported to infect humans. In humans and other spill-over hosts , HeV/NiV can cause severe respiratory and/or encephalitic disease , with mortality rates exceeding 50%; currently, there are no approved human vaccines and only limited therapeutic options . As members of the family Paramyxoviridae , henipaviruses have six “core” structural proteins and typically three additional accessory proteins that are expressed from the P gene. Several of these proteins are multifunctional, with roles in forming intracellular interfaces with the host (in particular, M, P, V, W, and C proteins), to modulate processes including antiviral responses, supporting viral replication. Understanding the molecular basis of these interfaces and their functions is critical to delineate the mechanisms of pathogenesis and may inform new strategies to combat infection and diseas...

  {Excerpt} Time Period: July 06, 2025 - July 12, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  2 sites ( 0.5% ) -- No Detection :  395 sites ( 99.5% ) -- No samples in last week :  51 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html _____

  A poultry farm in Extremadura Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6639 ____

Abstract Influenza D virus infects primarily cattle , but infrequent reports of infections in cats occur. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in 8 of 360 cats in northern China . Domestic cats showed higher susceptibility than strays. Our results suggest a previously overlooked aspect of epidemiology of this virus in companion animals. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0042_article ____

  Summary -- What is known about this topic? -  Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which is transmitted primarily through fleas from rodents . This case highlights an off-season transmission of plague. Plague is most often identified during May–August. -- What is added by this report? - An Oregon man sought care at an emergency department for signs and symptoms of plague on January 30, 2024, the earliest calendar date of plague recorded in the state’s history, possibly indicating a shift in the seasonality of plague incidence . The patient did not have direct contact with rodents, but did have contact with his infected cat after cutting his finger. -- What are the implications for public health practice? -  Public health messaging and diagnostic efforts regarding plague are warranted year-round in areas with endemic disease. Abstract Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis . Y. pestis is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected rode...

Abstract We sequenced sarbecovirus from Rhinolophus spp. bats in Bandarban District , Bangladesh, in a genomic surveillance campaign during 2022–2023. Sequences shared identity with SARS-CoV-1 Tor2, which caused an outbreak of human illnesses in 2003 . Describing the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of reservoir pathogens can aid in identifying sources of future spillovers. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0071_article ____

{Excerpt} Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5Nx) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have been circulating in North America since late 2021. Since their initial incursion, they have been associated with unprecedented mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, and marine mammals throughout the Americas, and are now seen across all global regions except Oceania. Furthermore, transmission among dairy cattle and poultry in the United States has led to growing numbers of human cases, and there was a severe human case in Canada with no known infected animal exposure (1,2). (...) Source: Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada,  https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/jammi-2025-0307 ____

ABSTRACT Newly emerging or “re-emerging” influenza viruses have been regarded as a huge global threat to human public health . However, there are few reports of human deaths caused by newly emerging influenza viruses derived from pigs and poultry . Here, we described the clinical and virological features of a fatal encephalitis caused by a novel H3N2 reassortant virus generated from swine H3N2 and human H7N9 viruses. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with acute encephalitis in Yixing, China, in August 2022. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed mild pneumonia . Brain CT indicated acute encephalitis companied brain parenchyma swelling. Haematological examinations revealed a markedly elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and cytokines . Pathogenic analysis confirmed that a novel H3N2 virus (A/Yixing/805/2022, YX805) was responsible for this case. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the surface protein-coding genes were origin...

The Official Veterinary Services received a notification concerning bird mortality and signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in a backyard in the Buenos Aires province . On the same day, the suspicion was addressed and samples were taken for analysis. The samples were analysed by the Official Laboratory and came back positive for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4. The affected premises are adjacent to bodies of water, so contact with wild birds is presumed On 14/07/2025 , the Official Veterinary Services received a notification concerning bird mortality and signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in a backyard in the town of Lezama, in the Buenos Aires province . On the same day, the suspicion was addressed and samples were taken for analysis. On 15/07/2025 the samples were analysed by the Official Laboratory and came back positive for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4. The species involved are chickens, peacocks, pheasants and guinea fowl . The affected premi...

{Excerpt} To the Editor : The article “Henipavirus in northern short-tailed shrew, Alabama, USA,” (1), describing the discovery of Camp Hill virus (family Paramyxoviridae ) in the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), sparked major media attention and raised concerns about zoonotic transmission and potential pandemic risk. However, it would be advisable to reevaluate this virus discovery within the broader context of related viruses. The increase in identified henipa-like viruses in various shrew species (2–4) led the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses to classify these henipa-like viruses into a distinct genus, Parahenipavirus (5), acknowledging their genetic difference from the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah virus. (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0401_article ____

Abstract In 2014, an outbreak of zoonotic Nipah virus (NiV) occurred on Mindanao Island , the Philippines . We investigated the prevalence of NiV in Philippine bats . Because neutralizing antibodies were detected in insectivorous bats on Siargao Island , public health officials should consider that the distribution range of NiV is not limited to Mindanao Island. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0210_article ____

Abstract In 2024, 3 domestic cats in California, USA consumed raw milk contaminated with highly pathogenic avian influenza A( H5N1 ) virus. Fever and neurologic signs developed; 2 cats died. The surviving cat’s urine tested positive for H5N1 virus by reverse transcription PCR. Raw dairy products pose a risk to both animal and human health. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0309_article ____

Abstract Sampling of mammal communities across the United States during 2022–2023 detected evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 3 new species and 2 previously described species and evidence of influenza A antibodies in 2 previously described species . Our analysis provides surveillance and sampling guidance for detection of rare exposure events. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/24-1671_article ____