ETIDIOH - NEW

ABSTRACT The 2.3.4.4b clade highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infected diverse non-human mammalian species , gained mammal-to-mammal transmission potential , and caused sporadic human infections . However, whether non-human mammals enable the human adaptation of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 to establish human infections is unclear. Gain-of-function research restrictions may hinder the assessment of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 human adaptations. Here, we tracked the evolution of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 that infected non-human mammals and evaluated their ability to gain human adaptations. The non-human mammal 2.3.4.4b H5N1 partly acquired classical human-adapting mutations , which are identical to the residues of H1N1pdm09 and seasonal human H3N2 viruses, while showing a few species-specific adaptations that might be potential barriers for successful human infections. The polymerase complex proteins , PA and PB2, acquired human adaptations in non-human mammals, with fox-infected viruses showing more positive selection in...

Abstract The study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer diagnosis, tumor characteristics, and staging in an Eastern-European country . This retrospective study included 11,635 breast cancer patients and clients presenting between March 2019 and March 2022. Patients were categorized into pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic groups . Data included age, sex, pathology, tumor characteristics (histologic type, grade, ER/PR/HER2 status), and TNM staging . Statistical analysis compared these parameters across the three-time intervals. During the pandemic, breast cancer diagnosis decreased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (9.1% vs. 13.17%, p < 0.001) but increased post-pandemic (11%, p = 0.013). Invasive ductal carcinoma of non-special type (IDC-NST) was predominant in all three-time periods. Aggressive tumors (Nottingham grade 3, ER negative) increased during the pandemic and post-pandemic times . Molecular subtypes showed variations ac...