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Different #genetic #determinants for high #virulence, #transmission and #replication of high pathogenicity #H7N7 avian #influenza virus in #turkeys and #chickens

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By G.M.

Abstract

High pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIV) generally evolve from low pathogenicity (LP) precursors after transmission from wild birds to chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), causing severe economic losses worldwide. Turkeys are more susceptible to AIV infection than chickens and are considered potential bridging hosts that facilitate the emergence of HPAIV. Beyond the polybasic cleavage site (pCS) in hemagglutinin (HA), little is known about other virulence determinants of HPAIV in these species. In 2015, HPAIV H7N7 and its LP ancestor were isolated from the same chicken farm, which differed by 16 nonsynonymous mutations across all eight gene segments, in addition to the pCS. Here we identify the genetic determinants, including the pCS, that contributed to the HPAIV H7N7 virulence, transmission, replication, and tissue distribution in chickens and turkeys. Notably, the non-structural (NS1) or matrix (M) proteins’ encoding segments in turkeys, or NS segment in chickens, rendered viruses as virulent and transmissible as the original HPAIV. Endotheliotropism, observed exclusively in chickens, was driven by the pCS and, to a lesser extent, the neuraminidase (NA). In vitro, the M2-V68L mutation influenced NS1 expression and virus morphology in chicken and turkey cells. Additionally, HPAIV NS1 enhanced polymerase activity and effectively suppressed interferon induction, a process further modulated by M2-V68L. These findings underscore the critical role of turkeys as a “hub” in the evolution of HPAIV from LP precursors, offering crucial insights into the genotypic and phenotypic factors that facilitate viral adaptation in different poultry species.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643940v1?rss=1

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