ETIDIOH - NEW

  Situation at a glance The purpose of this report is to raise awareness about the local transmission of clade Ib monkeypox virus (MPXV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in countries previously unaffected or to date reporting only cases linked to travel.  This report summarizes recent epidemiological developments , response activities, and the associated global public health risk .  The second declaration of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) for mpox was lifted on 5 September 2025.  As both MPXV clades I and II and their subclades continue to circulate globally, leading to substantial outbreaks in African countries , WHO continues to advise emergency preparedness and response activities .  Multiple modes of transmission underlie ongoing virus circulation , with sexual contact remaining the primary amplifier of transmission in most settings.  Since 5 September 2025, several countries across four of six WHO regions have confirmed...

  5 December 2025 Situation at a glance On 15 November 2025, WHO was notified of the 71st confirmed human case with influenza A(H5) since early 2024 in the United States of America — the first human case reported in the United States of America since February 2025 .  On 20 November, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) laboratory sequencing verified the virus as influenza A(H5N5), representing the first globally reported human case caused by an influenza A(H5N5) virus.  The investigation by health authorities in the United States of America is ongoing.  Contact tracing identified no further cases amongst contacts, and there is currently no evidence of human-to-human transmission .  Due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses , WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect and monitor virological (including genomics), epidemiological and clinical changes associated with emerging or circulating influenza vi...

  Abstract Increase in human H5N1 spillover infections resulting from dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus into bird and mammal populations raises concerns about HPAI gaining human transmissibility . Studies identified hemagglutinin (HA) acid stability and receptor preference as essential traits that shape host tropism. Mutations that increase HA stability and affinity for α−2,6-linked sialic acids have been shown to confer airborne transmissibility in a ferret model , however mechanisms of activation of H5 subtype HA are poorly understood and the effect of adaptive mutations on HA function has been largely inferred from static structures. Here, we use hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry to dissect activation dynamics for two ancestral H5 HPAI HA , their transmission-adapted HA , and a contemporary HA . We identify variation in receptor binding site flexibility and demonstrate that adaptive mutations result in suppression of fusion peptide dynam...

  ABSTRACT The secondary thrombotic/vascular clinical syndrome of COVID-19 suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infects the endothelium ; however, robust in vitro infection of endothelial cells by various strains of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be demonstrated and continues to be debated. Here, we revisit the question of endothelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 using isolated endothelial cells ( from the lung, aorta, and endothelial cell progenitors ), and additionally, to overcome limitations associated with cultured cells , using native endothelial cells within living precision cut human lung slices and single-cell RNA sequencing to track viral presence. Cellular infection in endothelial monocultures was determined using fluorescence imaging. Mediator release was measured by ELISA, and gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Infection in lung slices was determined using single-cell RNA sequencing, capturing molecular identifiers that aligned to the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome (for lung slices). E...

  {Summary} Time Period: November 23, 2025 - November 29, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  2 site(s) ( 0.6% ) -- No Detection :  352 site(s) ( 99.4% ) -- No samples in last week :  102 site(s) (...) Source:   Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  A backyard, multi-species, farming operation was tested and confirmed positive for HPAI H5N1. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7072 ____

  Highlights •  Fermentation of raw milk for 7 h at 42 °C to pH 4.4 reduced AIV levelsAIV by ≤ 4.1 log10 EID50. •  Incubation of raw milk for 7 h at 42 °C to pH 6.6 reduced levels by ≤ 4.3 log10 EID50. •  PH, temperature and/or bacterial degradation appreciably reduced AIV levels in raw milk. Abstract In March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) H5N1 was first detected in U.S. dairy cattle and has since spread to herds across at least 17 states. Infected cows typically present with mastitis, decreased milk production, and poor milk quality with high viral loads in milk . While commercial pasteurization of milk effectively inactivates avian influenza virus (AIV), growing consumer interest in raw milk and derived products raises public health concerns due to the risk of zoonotic transmission . Standard yogurt production includes an initial heating step at 82 °C for 30 min to denature milk proteins which also inactivates AIV . However, some home yogurt recip...