ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Influenza A virus (IAV) infection during pregnancy is associated with stillbirth and preterm birth , possibly by disrupting placental and fetal immunity . To investigate this, pregnant pigtail macaques were inoculated with IAV [A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)] and examined at necropsy 5 days post-infection (N=11) versus uninfected controls (N=16). Stillbirth occurred in 18% of infected pregnancies but not in controls. While vertical transmission was not observed, low levels of viral RNA were detected in two placentas . Maternal IAV infection was associated with increased placental IL-1β and IFN-β levels and an upregulated type I interferon and integrated stress transcriptional response. Fetuses exposed to IAV had greater frequencies of innate immune cells in lymph nodes and CD4+ T cells in lungs . These results suggest that placental and fetal immune environments undergo immune activation independent of the severity of maternal lung infection. Influenza vaccination during pr...

  A backyard village poultry in Ardebil Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6849 ____

  {By JJ Harrison - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5014480 } A slaugthter geese farm in Wielkopolskie Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6852 ____

  {By Aviceda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4017548 } ___ In accordance with the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Article 10.4.1, point 4, this outbreak does not change the disease-free status of Sweden as these are wild birds, and therefore do not fall within the WOAH definition of poultry. A Mediterranean Gull was found dead. It was sent to the Swedish Veterinary Agency for laboratory analysis as part of the national surveillance program for avian influenza. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6853 ____

  Abstract Increase in the occurrence of human H5N1 spillover infections resulting from dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus into bird and mammal populations raises concerns about HPAI adapting to become human transmissible . Studies identified hemagglutinin (HA) acid stability and receptor preference as essential traits that shape host tropism . Mutations that increase HA stability and affinity for α-2,6-linked sialic acids have been shown to confer airborne transmissibility in a ferret model , however mechanisms of activation of H5 subtype HA have not been probed and the effect of adaptive mutations on HA function has been largely inferred from static structures. Here, we use hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry to dissect activation dynamics for two ancestral HPAI H5 HA, their matched HA with adaptive mutations, and a contemporary H5 HA. By measuring dynamics, we identify variation in active site flexibility among the HA and demonstrate that a...