ETIDIOH - NEW

  ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2 is under strong evolutionary selection to acquire mutations in its spike protein that reduce neutralization by human polyclonal antibodies. Here, we use pseudovirus-based deep mutational scanning to measure how mutations to the spike from the recent KP.3.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 strain affect cell entry, binding to the ACE2 receptor, RBD up/down motion, and neutralization by human sera and clinically relevant antibodies. The spike mutations that most affect serum antibody neutralization sometimes differ between sera collected before versus after recent vaccination or infection, indicating that these exposures shift the neutralization immunodominance hierarchy. The sites where mutations cause the greatest reduction in neutralization by post-vaccination or infection sera include receptor-binding domain (RBD) sites 475, 478, and 487, all of which have mutated in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants . Multiple mutations outside the RBD affect sera neutralization as strongly as any RB...

  A poultry farm in Hauts-de-France Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6875 ____

  A poultry farm in Brandenburg Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6878 ____

  {By © Frank Schulenburg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77548177 } ___ On 12 October, the owner informed the State Food and Veterinary Service that the birds had fallen ill and mass mortality had begun in one of the four poultry houses. On Sunday, around 2,000 of the 5,380 turkeys in one poultry house suddenly died. On 13 October 2025, official veterinarians visited the farm and collected samples from all the turkey houses for passive surveillance of avian influenza. These samples were sent to the National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute (National Reference Laboratory) for avian influenza testing. Temporary restrictions were imposed on the farm immediately until the laboratory results were available. On 14 October 2025, highly pathogenic avian influenza was confirmed in all samples. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6885 ____

  {By Alexis Lours - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=138694692 } ___ A wild yellow legged gull in Madeira. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6888 ____

  In Nineveh Province, in the city of Bashiqa, Shalalat Mashrae through routine examination of broiler poultry fields, 35 samples were found to be positive by rapid kit examination. This result was confirmed by PCR examination on 12th of October 2025, and it was H5N1. Nineveh veterinary hospital made a zone and applied all plans of HPAI Strategy of the law of animal health. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6887 ____

  New human cases {1,2}:  -- From 26 August to 29 September 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A(H5) in one human , influenza A(H5N1) in one human , influenza A(H9N2) in eight humans and an influenza A(H1N1) variant ((H1N1)v) virus in one human were reported officially.   Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry animal species continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  -- The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events.  -- Based on information available at the time of this risk assessment update , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza A viruses d...

  {Excerpt} Influenza A H9N2 -- Hunan Province : - 1) A two-year-old boy with onset on September 28, 2025.  -- Jiangxi Province : - 2) A 70-year-old woman with onset on September 23, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk41.pdf ____