ETIDIOH - NEW

Key Points -- Question:   In adults with influenza requiring admission to hospital, is oseltamivir treatment within the first 2 days of admission, when compared with supportive care without oseltamivir, associated with a decreased risk of death in hospital? -- Findings:  In this cohort study of 11 073 patients hospitalized with influenza, oseltamivir treatment was associated with an adjusted risk reduction of 1.8% for in-hospital mortality when compared with supportive care. -- Meaning:  The findings of this study support current guidelines that recommend oseltamivir treatment for patients admitted to hospital with influenza; clinical trials should be conducted to generate better quality evidence. Abstract Importance    Current guidelines recommend oseltamivir treatment for all patients hospitalized with influenza, but this guidance is based on suboptimal evidence. Objective    To evaluate outcomes associated with oseltamivir treatment when compared wi...

ABSTRACT A cocktail of human monoclonal antibodies 1C3 and 1C11 previously protected macaques from a lethal exposure to either Ebola virus (EBOV) or Sudan virus (SUDV). 1C3 is of particular interest because its paratope strongly binds with unique stoichiometry to the glycoprotein head of several orthoebolaviruses , resulting in neutralization of EBOV and SUDV . Therefore, we evaluated the protective activity of 1C3 as a standalone therapeutic in macaques exposed to either EBOV or SUDV. Two doses of 1C3 monotherapy, administered 4 and 7 days post-exposure, did not protect SUDV-exposed macaques and partially protected EBOV-exposed macaques . Notably, in a macaque that succumbed to EBOV infection, we identified two mutually exclusive escape mutations that emerged immediately after the first dose and resulted in two amino acid changes at the 1C3 binding site . We also detected a subconsensus treatment-emergent mutation likely affecting the 1C3 binding site in all three deceased SUDV-expose...

ABSTRACT Understanding viral evolutionary dynamics is crucial to pandemic responses, prediction of virus adaptation over time , and virus surveillance for public health strategies. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has enabled fine-grained studies of virus evolution in the human population . Serial passaging in vitro offers a complementary controlled environment to investigate the emergence and persistence of genetic variants that may confer selective advantage . In this study, nine virus lineages , including four “ variants of concern ” and three former “ variants under investigation ,” were sampled over ≥33 serial passages (range 33–100) in Vero E6 cells . WGS was used to examine virus evolutionary dynamics and identify key mutations with implications for fitness and/or transmissibility. Viruses accumulated mutations regularly during serial passaging. Many low-frequency variants were lost , but others became fixed, suggestin...

 A wild Peregrine falcon in Kagoshima Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6545 ____

Abstract Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are prime examples of emerging viruses in humans and animals. IAV circulation in domestic animals poses a pandemic risk as it provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections. The recent emergence of H5N1 IAV in cows and subsequent spread over multiple states within the USA, together with reports of spillover infections in humans, cats and mice highlight this issue. The horse is a domestic animal in which an avian-origin IAV lineage has been circulating for >60 years . In 2018/19, a Florida Clade 1 (FC1) virus triggered one of the largest epizootics recorded in the UK , which led to the replacement of the Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) Florida Clade 2 (FC2) lineage that had been circulating in the country since 2003. We integrated geographical, epidemiological, and virus genetic data to determine the virological and ecological factors leading to this epizootic. By combining newly-sequenced EIV complete genomes derived from UK outbreaks with existi...

Fourth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the upsurge of mpox 2024 – Temporary recommendations The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), following the fourth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR)   Emergency Committee regarding the upsurge of mpox 2024 , held on 5 June 2025, from 12:00 to 17:00 CEST, concurs with its advice that the event continues to meet the criteria of a public health emergency of international concern and, considering the advice of the Committee, he is hereby issuing a revised set of temporary recommendations. The WHO Director-General expresses his most sincere gratitude to the Chair, Members, and Advisors of the Committee. The proceeding of the fourth meeting of the Committee will be shared with States Parties to the IHR and published in the coming days. Temporary recommendations These temporary recommendations   are issued to  States Parties   experienci...

Abstract Since 2021, the novel H10N3 has caused four cases of human infection in China, the most recent of which occurred in December 2024 , posing a potential threat to public health. Our previous studies indicated that several avian H10N3 strains are highly pathogenic in mice and can be transmitted between mammals via respiratory droplets without prior adaptation. By analyzing the genome sequence , we found that these H10N3 viruses carry the PB2-E627V mutation , which is becoming increasingly common in several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIV); however, its mechanism in mammalian adaptation remains unclear. Using a reverse genetics system , we investigated the role of PB2-E627V in the adaptation of H10N3 to mammals and poultry. Our findings demonstrate that the PB2-E627V mutation is critical for the high pathogenicity of novel H10N3 in mice and its ability to be transmitted through the air among mammals . Additionally, we found that the role of PB2-627 V in promoting AIV adap...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/titian/death-of-actaeon-1562 ____

  Ann Intern Med MARCUCCI M, Chan MTV, Painter TW, Efremov S, et al Effects of a Hypotension-Avoidance Versus a Hypertension-Avoidance Strategy on Neurocognitive Outcomes After Noncardiac Surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jun 3. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-24-02841. PubMed           Abstract available GOLDMAN JM, Moyer DV Flying the Plane While Building It: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jun 3. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-02436. PubMed          Antiviral Res MALUNE P, Esposito F, Tramontano E Unveiling SARS-CoV-2's heart: role, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res. 2025 Jun 3:106208. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106208. PubMed           Abstract available BMJ MURPHY F Covid-19: New variant spreading across Asia is found in UK. BMJ. 2025;389:r1161. PubMed          LOOI MK Trump wa...

  BMC Pediatr ALRASHED R, Almeshawi I, Alshammari A, Alhamoud W, et al Burden of bronchiolitis post-COVID-19 pandemic in children less than 2 years old in 2021-2024: experience from a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:453. PubMed           Abstract available BIGLARI HN, Ahmadi A, Alidousti K, Pouredalati M, et al Growth in the first two years in children born to mothers infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy: a cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:448. PubMed           Abstract available CHENG J, Wu Y, Ma H, Tang M, et al C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein as complementary biomarkers in differentiating viral and bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in children. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:445. PubMed           Abstract available J Gen Virol CAPELASTEGUI F, Goldhill DH H5N1 2.3.4.4b: a review of mammalian adaptations and risk of pandemic e...

  By Kabelleger / David Gubler (http://www.bahnbilder.ch) -  http://www.bahnbilder.ch/pictures/medium/8253.jpg , CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16836731 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS_Class_ALn_772 ____

Summary Background Onradivir (ZSP1273) is a potent inhibitor of the PB2 subunit of influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase . Our previous, phase 2 clinical trial showed that a 600 mg regimen of onradivir initiated within 48 h of symptom onset can expedite the recovery of adult patients from acute, uncomplicated influenza. Here, we aimed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic efficacy of onradivir in a larger group with acute, uncomplicated influenza. Methods This randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled and oseltamivir-controlled, phase 3 trial was conducted at 68 clinical sites in China . Eligible participants were adults (aged 18–64 years) with an influenza-like illness who screened positive by rapid IAV antigen testing at the first clinical visit, and had a fever (axillary temperature ≥38·0°C) with at least one moderate systemic and one moderate respiratory symptom within 48 h of symptom onset. Patients were randomly assigned into three treatment groups, stratified by in...

{Excerpt} After the spread of SARS-CoV-2 JN.1, its subvariants, such as KP.3 (JN.1.11.1.3)1 and KP.3.1.1 (JN.1.11.1.3.1.1),2 and XEC (a recombinant lineage of two JN.1 subvariants),3 emerged and rapidly spread globally. Subsequently, LP.8.1 (JN.1.11.1.1.1.3.8.1),4 a descendant lineage of KP.1.1.3 (JN.1.11.1.1.1.3), accounts for approximately 30% of all global infections as of April, 2025 , as per data from Nextstrain. Thereafter, NB.1.8.1 (XDV.1.5.1.1.8.1), a descendant lineage of XDV , has started to spread worldwide. XDV is a recombinant lineage of XDE (a recombinant lineage of GW.5.1 [XBB.1.19.1.5.1] and FL.13.4 [XBB.1.9.1.13.4]) and JN.1. NB.1.8.1 has acquired seven spike substitutions and 23 non-spike substitutions compared with JN.1 (appendix pp 15–16). Compared with the XEC spike protein, the NB.1.8.1 spike bears four substitutions : G184S, K478I, A435S, and L1104V (appendix pp 15–16). We estimated the relative effective reproduction number (Re) of NB.1.8.1 using a Bayesian mult...

Abstract Seasonal influenza viruses continue to pose a significant threat, causing substantial morbidity and mortality in the US and worldwide despite the availability of vaccines and antivirals. These challenges may be addressed by improving vaccine immunogenicity through the inclusion of adjuvants that enhance immune responses against key antigens including influenza hemagglutinin (HA). BECC (Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry) adjuvants are novel Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands created by modifying enzymes from lipid A synthesis pathways in Gram-negative bacteria. This study compares the ability of the biological and synthetic versions of these adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of recombinant HA (rHA) antigens in mouse influenza virus challenge . Mice immunized with rHA adjuvanted with BECCs stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated arms of the immune system without exhibiting cytotoxicity/pyrogenicity. A robust HA-specific immunoglobulin subtype, especially IgG2a, respon...

Abstract The influenza A virus polymerase, consisting of a heterotrimer of three viral proteins, carries out both transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome . These distinct activities are regulated by viral proteins that vary in abundance during infection, and by various co-opted host cell proteins, which serve as targets for the development of novel antiviral interventions . However, little is known about which host proteins direct transcription and which replication. In this report, we performed a differential interactome screen to identify host proteins co-opted as either transcription- or replication-specific factors. We found that distinct sets of host proteins interact with the influenza polymerase as it carries out the different activities. We functionally characterised HMGB2 and RUVBL2 as replication-specific cofactors and RPAP2 as a transcription-specific cofactor. Our data demonstrate that comparative proteomics can be used as a targeted approach to uncover virus-...