ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Maintaining tissue function while eliminating infected cells is fundamental, and inflammatory damage plays a major contribution to lethality after lung infection . We tested 50 immunomodulatory regimes to determine their ability to protect mice from lethal infection . Only neutrophil depletion soon after infection prevented death from influenza. This result suggests that the infected host passed an early tipping point after which limiting innate damage alone could not rescue lung function. We investigated treatments that could have efficacy when administered later in infection. We found that partial limitation of viral spread together with enhancement of epithelial repair, by interferon blockade or limiting CD8+ T cell–mediated killing of epithelial cells , reduced lethality . This finding highlights the importance of rebalancing repair and damage processes in the survival of pulmonary infections. Source:  Link:  https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr4...

  Abstract The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a highly significant threat to global public health . Dromedary camels are the zoonotic source of human infection. All cases of zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have occurred in Middle Eastern countries despite MERS-CoV infection of camels being widespread in Africa . This disparity in the geographic burden of the disease may be due to genomic differences between MERS-CoV circulating in Middle Eastern countries (clades A and B) versus those infecting camels in Africa ( clade C ), although the precise genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated. The objective of the studies reported here was to evaluate differences in the magnitude of virus shedding and in transmissibility of clades A/B and C viruses using alpacas as a surrogate for dromedary camels. We found that two of three African-origin, clade C strains of MERS-CoV induced very reduced levels of virus shedding and were t...

  A poultry farm in Oberösterreich Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7024 ____

A wild Common Teal in Jeollabuk-do Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6983 ____

  Summary Background Following a decline during the COVID-19 pandemic, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections resurged in several countries . We aimed to characterise the clinical presentation of paediatric patients admitted to hospital for M pneumoniae during 2023 and 2024 in France. Methods We conducted a nationwide, multicentre, retrospective, and prospective observational study across 37 French paediatric hospitals (September, 2023–September, 2024). Children younger than 18 years who were hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed M pneumoniae infection (PCR or serology) were included. Demographics (excluding race), clinical features, laboratory and radiological findings, management, and outcomes data were described and analysed. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06260371) and is complete. Findings We included 969 children and adolescents with M pneumoniae in...

Abstract Background Influenza remains a major health burden despite the use of licensed vaccines. Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) influenza vaccines have shown promising immunogenicity against influenza and an acceptable safety profile in a phase 1–2 trial. Methods In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 64 years to receive either a quadrivalent modRNA influenza vaccine (modRNA group) or a licensed inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (control group) during the 2022–2023 influenza season in the United States, South Africa, and the Philippines. The primary end point was relative efficacy, defined by the reduction in the percentage of participants with laboratory-confirmed influenza associated with influenza-like illness at least 14 days after vaccination with the modRNA vaccine, as compared with the control vaccine, and analyzed for noninferiority and superiority. Immunogenicity was evaluated by means of a hemagglutination i...

  ABSTRACT Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a bat-originated virus causing severe diseases in piglets . Since the 2016 outbreak , diverse SADS-related CoVs (SADSr-CoVs) have been detected in Rhinolophus bats in China and Southeast Asia , but their potential interspecies infection and pathogenicity remain unknown. Herein, we sequenced the spike (S) genes of bat SADSr-CoVs and classified them into four genotypes . We constructed an infectious SADS-CoV cDNA clone (rSADS-CoV) and nine recombinant viruses by replacing the SADS-CoV S gene with that of bat SADSr-CoVs. Recombinant SADSr-CoVs could replicate efficiently in respiratory and intestinal cell lines and human- and swine-derived organoids and caused varying tissue damage and mortality in suckling mice. These viruses can be classified into at least five serotypes based on cross-neutralization assays . Our findings highlight the potential risk of interspecies infection and provide important information for fut...

  Abstract SARS-CoV-2 Spike - the sole neutralization target, is highly resilient to the immune pressure driving genetic evolution . While potency and breadth of neutralization are widely studied, the incomplete neutralization - the mechanism of resistance without needing genetic change - remains unexplored . Several monoclonal antibodies , although potent, showed incomplete neutralization of genetically homogeneous pseudovirus suggesting the existence of distinct spike conformations . The residual infectivity at high antibody concentration indicates a viral fraction with intrinsic resistance to the antibody. Although the published studies on spike glycosylation, structure, and conformations provide evidence of spike heterogeneity the precise mechanism for the incomplete neutralization has not been established. In this study, we devise a method to separate the un-neutralized virion population , called as persistent fraction of infectivity (PF), and characterize the viral spike prot...

  ABSTRACT With the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.9 subvariants circulating worldwide, two XBB.1.9 variants, EG.5.1 and HK.3 , spread rapidly and became dominant in mid-2023. However, the spike features, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of HK.3 are largely unknown. Here, we performed multiscale investigations to reveal the virological features of XBB.1.9 subvariants , including the newly emerging HK.3 . HK.3 revealed high replication efficiency and enhanced TMPRSS2 utilization in vitro. The HK.3 spike exhibited enhanced processing, although its infectivity, fusogenicity, and human ACE2 (hACE2) binding affinity were comparable to those of the EG.5 and XBB.1 spikes. All XBB.1.9.1, EG.5.1, and HK.3 strains demonstrated efficient transmission in hamsters , although XBB.1.9.1 exhibited stronger fitness in the upper airways . XBB.1.9.1, EG.5.1, and HK.3 exhibited greater pathogenicity than BA.2 in H11-K18-hACE2 hamsters. Our studies provide insights into the newly emerging pathogens EG.5.1...

  Significance Annual influenza epidemics in the United States cause hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations . Quantifying vaccine impact is vital, yet many analyses overlook vaccines’ dual benefits : directly protecting recipients and indirectly protecting their contacts . Using a mathematical model that accounts for both effects, we estimate that vaccination prevented about 70,000 hospitalizations during the 2022–2023 season , with another 19,000 potentially avoidable if coverage met the 70% national target. Despite uncertainty in vaccine effectiveness against infection, our findings suggest that vaccinating younger adults offers substantial indirect protection for older adults. Tailoring annual vaccination campaigns by age group and state could further strengthen their public health impact. Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic early years, infection prevention measures suppressed transmission of seasonal influenza and other respiratory viruses . The early onset and moderate s...

  • New human cases {1,2}:  -- From 30 September to 5 November 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A(H5N1) in one human , A( H5N2 ) in one human and A( H9N2 ) in two humans were reported officially.   • Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry animal species continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  -- The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  • Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported in the above human infection events.  -- Based on information available at the time of this risk assessment update , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza A viruses detected at the human-animal interface has not changed...

  Abstract Background Plague, a zoonosis caused by Yersinia pestis, is endemic in Madagascar but knowledge on the epidemiological situation in the northern focus remains unclear . The aim of this study was to investigate the circulation of Y. pestis in terrestrial small mammals in north eastern Madagascar, where suspected plague outbreaks have been reported. Methods Sampling of terrestrial small mammals and their fleas was carried out in 22 trapping sites within 9 localities of the two sectors (1 and 3) of Makira Natural Park (MNP) and surroundings, from 2020 to 2022. Yersinia pestis was investigated in terrestrial small mammal spleen samples and their fleas using bacteriological, serological and molecular methods. Results A total of 614 terrestrial small mammals composed of eight species and 1,754 individual fleas were collected following 4,880 trap-nights. The black rat (Rattus rattus) represented the majority (87.8%) of the small mammal species caught. Flea infestation rate was ...

A slaughter turkeys operation in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7012 ____

  {Hessen Region} laying hens (500), broilers (200), ducks for fattening (200), geese for fattening (700), turkeys for fattening (500) Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7021 ____

  {Porto Region} Small farm keeping 197 mixed species poultry and 187 captive birds of exotic species. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7015 ____

  Phnom Penh, November 16 (Xinhua) -- Cambodia's Ministry of Health confirmed on the 16th that a young man residing in Phnom Penh had died from avian influenza (H5N1). Authorities urged the public to be vigilant and take effective preventative measures. According to the report, the 22-year-old man experienced severe symptoms including fever, cough, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing . Despite the medical team's best efforts, his condition rapidly deteriorated, and he died on the 15th of this month . This is the first reported human death from avian influenza in the country's capital this year. Following the incident, the Cambodian Ministry of Health immediately activated its emergency response mechanism . Local professional teams are conducting a comprehensive and detailed epidemiological investigation to trace the source of infection and identify close contacts . To prevent further spread of the epidemic in the community, authorities have urgently allocated and ...

  A 22-year-old Cambodian man died of H5N1 bird flu , the Ministry of Health said in a statement released Sunday, November 16, 2025, as reported by Xinhua and quoted by Antara. "Laboratory results from the Cambodian National Institute of Public Health on November 15, 2025 , showed that the man was positive for H5N1 virus infection," the Cambodian Ministry of Health said in a statement. (...) Source: Tempo,  https://www.tempo.co/internasional/pria-kamboja-tewas-akibat-flu-burung-h5n1-2090146 ____

  Summary Background First discovered in 1999 in Malaysia, Nipah virus (NiV) causes yearly outbreaks throughout south and southeast Asia with associated mortality rates of 40–75 %. Due to the structural and sequence similarities between the NiV and Hendra virus (HeV) attachment G glycoproteins , and the extensive extant evidence of the ability of a recombinant soluble glycoprotein G (HeV-sG) to provide heterologous cross-protective immunity when used as vaccine (HeV-sG-V), this study aimed to evaluate HeV-sG-V for safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity against NiV. Methods We conducted a phase 1, single-centre, randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled study . Eligible participants were aged 18–49 years, healthy, and not pregnant; participants were ineligible if they were immunocompromised, had received blood products within 6 months of enrolment, had potential exposure to NiV or HeV, or had known allergies to components of the vaccine. Participants were randomly assigned in...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/james-ward/gordale-scar-a-view-of-gordale-in-the-manor-of-east-malham-in-craven-yorkshire-the-property-of-1814 ____

  Par ignis — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1256653 Source: Wikipedia,  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_Renault ____