ETIDIOH - NEW

  ABSTRACT The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza A virus (IAV) is a reassortant virus with two polymerase components, PA and PB2, originating from avian IAV . Avian IAV polymerase does not function efficiently in mammalian cells without host-adaptive mutations . The mechanism by which pH1N1 replicates in human hosts is not fully elucidated , as pH1N1 does not contain the host-adaptive PB2 E627K mutation required for species-specific interaction with ANP32 , which facilitates replicase (polymerase oligomer) formation. Our previous research revealed that mutations in PA played a key role in mammalian host adaptation of pH1N1. These mutations were found in two separate domains of PA, the C-terminal (CTD) and N-terminal domains (NTD). We reported that the NTD mutations increase the expression of NP through enhanced association of GRSF1 with the mRNA transcripts. However, the role of CTD mutations, which are located at the interface of the polymerase oligomers , has not been elucidat...

  Abstract Influenza D virus (IDV) is prevalent in cattle in China , and a risk for spillover to other species exists. We detected IDV antibodies in 6/315 of black donkeys in northern China , suggesting cattle-to-donkey transmission and demonstrating the expanding host range of IDV and the need for reassessment of cross-species transmission risks. Source:  Link:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/12/25-0666_article ____

  Abstract Poultry workers in Washington, USA, were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus and recovered. The viruses were clade 2.3.4.4b genotype D1.1, closely related to viruses causing poultry outbreaks . Continued surveillance and testing for influenza A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses remain essential for risk assessment and pandemic preparedness of zoonotic influenza viruses. Source:  Link:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/12/25-1118_article ____

{Excerpt}  Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  -- Guangdong Province :  1) An individual with onset in November 2025.  -- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region :  2) An individual with onset in November 2025.  -- Hubei Province:  3) An individual with onset in November 2025.  (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk51.pdf ____

  Abstract Many pathogens, both those with human spillover potential as well as avian-specific viruses, are maintained in wild bird populations . While much surveillance for influenza A viruses (IAVs) is performed annually, surveillance for other pathogens is limited. Sampling of wild birds is often time-consuming , labour-intensive, involves physically handling wild birds, often limited in sample size, and involves handling of potentially infected birds , posing an increased risk of direct exposure for personnel. Given this, additional methods for surveillance are needed. Longitudinal, bi-weekly fecal and sediment sampling was performed at various sites in southern Manitoba, Canada , particularly focused in Winnipeg from May - October 2025. Sites were chosen based on the suitability of the area for waterfowl habitat , the presence of waterfowl in the area, as well as sites in proximity to reported outbreaks of H5N1 influenza virus . Fecal and sediment samples were collected and sc...

  Abstract The recent emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1- especially clade 2.3.4.4b has led to widespread mortality in poultry and wild birds and has raised significant concerns for the dairy industry and human health. Migratory waterfowl are considered the main source of infection, and we used publicly available surveillance data and bird observation data from continental North America to show clear seasonal signals correlated with waterfowl movement, both on the continental scale and in three of the four flyways . In early 2024, the virus expanded its host range , and we observed a phase transition with the loss of the seasonal signal coupled with a concomitant increase in the proportion of mammalian cases . We also identified a second harmonic , with a regional east-to-west movement with infections spreading between regional flyways , followed by local viral amplification. We likened this to the movement of balls in a Newton's Cradle with an analogy between potential and viral ...