ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract We investigated macrolide resistance and P1 genotypes of Mycoplasma pneumoniae during the 2024–2025 outbreak in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada . Macrolide resistance remained stable at ≈10%–20%, but significant shifts in P1 genotype distribution and resistance rates in P1 types occurred, indicating notable changes in M. pneumoniae molecular epidemiology in Ontario since 2011–2012. Source:  Link:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/12/25-0872_article ____

  Abstract Up-to-date estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) are needed to inform COVID-19 vaccination strategies and recommendations . This target trial emulation study aimed to estimate the long-term vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccines targeting the KP.2 Omicron variant within the Veterans Health Administration . The study population (90.9% male, mean age 70.7 years) included 538,631 pairs of vaccinated (i.e., received the KP.2 COVID-19 vaccine) and matched unvaccinated (i.e., did not receive the KP.2 COVID-19 vaccine) persons enrolled from August 2024 to January 2025. Over a mean follow-up of 172 days (range 97-232) extending to April 12, 2025, VE was low against laboratory-diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 16.60%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.92-21.44), SARS-CoV-2-associated emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) visit ( 21.05%, 95% CI, 14.22-27.21), SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization ( 19.53%, 95% CI 6.56-30.10) and much higher again...

  Situation at a glance Since the beginning of 2025 and as of 21 December 2025, a total of 19 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS- CoV), including four deaths have been reported to WHO globally.  Of the 19 cases, 17 were reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), and two were reported from France .  Between 4 June and 21 December 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of KSA reported a total of seven cases of MERS-CoV infection, including two deaths .  In addition , at the beginning of December 2025, the National IHR Focal Point (IHR NFP) for France also reported two MERS-CoV travel – associated cases ; involving individuals with recent travel to countries in the Arabian Peninsula.  The notification of these latest cases does not change the overall risk assessment , which remains moderate at both the global and regional levels .  These cases show that the virus continues to pose a threat in countries where it is circulating in dromed...

  {Eurasian Teal} {Eurasian Wigeon} {Mute Swan} ___ This is a new event opened to report outbreaks for which the N subtype could not be determined due to insufficient diagnostic material; in these cases, only the presence of H5 can be confirmed. Three Common Teals (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lombardy) , two Eurasian Wigeons (Friuli Venezia Giulia), one Mute Swan (Lombardy).  Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7144 ____

  The Official Veterinary Service (OVS) of the state of Mato Grosso received a notification of a suspected case influenza A viruses of high pathogenicity in domestic birds from a multi-species backyard , on December 20, 2025. Official Laboratory (LFDA-SP) analysis confirmed the presence of the H5N1 virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. The premises have been placed under quarantine. Birds will be culled, and carcasses, products, and any potentially contaminated materials will be destroyed. The OVS is currently conducting an epidemiological investigation in the surrounding area. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7147 ____

  Abstract Since 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) belonging to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have caused high mortality in North American wild birds and poultry . In 2025 , a new D1.1 genotype caused two human deaths and host-switched to dairy cattle . However, the evolutionary origins and dynamics of D1.1 have not been fully characterized. Here, our phylogenetic analysis of 17,516 H5N1 genome sequences uncovers how D1.1 introduced a major shift in the antigenic diversity and ecology of the H5N1 epizootic in North America. D1.1 is the first major H5N1 genotype to (a) emerge in the Pacific flyway and spread west-to-east faster than any prior genotype; (b) antigenically shift via reassortment with the North American N1 segment, displacing the previously fixed Eurasian N1 ; and (c) transmit to a broader range of host species than any H5N1 genotype to date, introducing mammalian adaptations . Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Fun...