ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Influenza virus is transmitted via respiratory expulsions, but detection of infectious virus in such expulsions has been challenging . Here, we describe quantification and genotyping of infectious virus in respiratory particles using a Modular Influenza Sampling Tunnel (MIST). The particles deposit on cell monolayers , enabling culture, quantification, and sequencing of viruses. Concomitantly, water-sensitive paper and fine particle samplers yield respiratory particle counts over a broad size range. Using the MIST, we captured infectious virus from humans experimentally infected with influenza virus on multiple days post-inoculation . The recovered respiratory particles varied in quantity over three orders of magnitude and contained viral genetic variation that was also detected in samples from infected individuals. Expulsion of infectious virus was associated with infectious viral load in saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs and with clinical symptoms . These data reveal the...

  A sudden increased mortality in a commercial turkey flock. Samples were collected and submitted to the Irish Central Veterinary Research Laboratory for avian influenza testing. On 4th November 2025 highly pathogenic avian influenza sub. H5N1 was confirmed by the national reference laboratory. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6976 ____

  {By Lukasz Lukasik - The uploader on Wikimedia Commons received this from the author/copyright holder., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=816655 } {Isle of Man} 1 wild bird (common buzzard) was found dead on 27/10/2025. Official samples were taken and tested positive for HPAI H5N1. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6977 ____

  Summary Kyasanur Forest disease is a neglected tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever endemic to India's Western Ghats , caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus , a flavivirus transmitted by Haemaphysalis spinigera ticks . The virus circulates in a sylvatic cycle among monkeys, rodents, shrews, birds, and ixodid ticks , and is transmitted to humans incidentally via tick bites . Since its discovery in 1957 in Karnataka , Kyasanur Forest disease has spread to other Indian states, driven by deforestation , forest fragmentation , and increased human incursion into wildlife habitats . Clinically, the disease manifests in a biphasic pattern , with haemorrhagic and neurotropic presentations . Although a formalin-inactivated vaccine is available , its efficacy is not promising, and no antivirals have been approved to date. Field reports indicate that mortality in monkeys might serve as an early indicator of forthcoming human outbreaks. The transmission dynamics of Kyasanur Forest diseas...

  ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is characterized by its high contagiousness. The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted profound impacts on human society . The persistent circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in human populations continues to pose re-exposure risks for both vaccinated individuals and those with prior natural infection. Against this epidemiological background, there is an urgent need to characterize the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of pre-existing immunity . Using a ferret infection model , this study systematically addresses critical scientific questions , including viral transmission efficiency , temporal patterns of transmissibility , and the ability of pre-existing immunity to mitigate reinfection and viral shedding. The findings provide robust experimental evidence for elucidating the transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and offer scientific insights to info...

  The last outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry in Lubuskie region was confirmed on 11/03/2025. 02/05/2025 is the date of confirmation of the last outbreak in Poland in the spring of 2025. A turkeys slaughterhouse operation in Lubuskie Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6972 ____

  Abstract Influenza is a global health concern, causing over 300,000 deaths worldwide annually . Current vaccines and natural infection mainly elicit antibodies against the variable head domain of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. While these antibodies are highly neutralizing, the head domain constantly mutates due to selective pressure , causing the immune response to be strain-specific. Targeting the conserved HA stalk domain , however, has been shown to be a promising approach for a broadly protective vaccine . We previously demonstrated that presenting HA in an inverted orientation on virus-like particles (VLPs) significantly enhanced the induction of stalk-directed, cross-reactive antibodies compared to HA presented in a regular orientation. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the inverted HA vaccine (VLP-HAinv) in mice against homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic influenza A virus challenges . VLP-HAinv vaccination in mice provided complete protection a...

  Abstract Emerging infectious diseases can have catastrophic impacts on wildlife populations , yet identifying individuals that survived exposure, especially when external symptoms are absent, remains challenging. Since 2021, a virulent strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) has caused unprecedented mortality in wild birds across continents . Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) are among the species that suffered significant population declines in Europe and North America . At North America's largest gannet colony ( Bonaventure Island ) dramatic mortality and reproductive failure occurred in 2022. Following this event, researchers noted a subset of gannets displaying irregular iris pigmentation , raising the possibility that this visible change may indicate a lasting effect of infection. Here, we build on earlier observations linking irregular iris pigmentation to HPAIV exposure in gannets using anti-nucleoprotein (NP) and anti-hemagglutinin (H...

  Abstract Molnupiravir is an antiviral medicine that induces lethal copying errors during SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication . Molnupiravir reduced hospitalization in one pivotal trial by 50% and had variable effects on reducing viral RNA levels in three separate trials. We used mathematical models to simulate these trials and closely recapitulated their virologic outcomes . Model simulations suggested lower antiviral potency against pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants than against Omicron . We estimated that in vitro assays underestimated in vivo potency by 6- to 7-fold against Omicron variants. Our model suggested that because polymerase chain reaction detects molnupiravir mutated variants, the true reduction in non-mutated viral RNA was underestimated by approximately 0.4 log10 in the two trials conducted while Omicron variants dominated. Viral area under the curve estimates differed significantly between non-mutated and mutated viral RNA. Our results reinforce past work suggesting that in...

  A laying hens farm in Sachsen-Anhalt Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6966 ____

  {Di Sanchezn - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3019282 } Confirmation of HPAI - H5N1 case, at Cygnus olor Port Contanta Dana 55 in the Constanta county. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6968 ____

  Abstract The H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of clade 2.3.4.4b, which spreads globally via wild birds , has become a major public health concern because it can infect a variety of mammals , including humans . In 2024, infection of dairy cattle with H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b was confirmed in the United States , and subsequent human cases were reported. Although these viruses are highly pathogenic in animal models , human infections have generally been mild , revealing a striking discrepancy . Here, we characterized the cattle-derived human H5N1 isolate A/Texas/37/2024 (TX37-H5N1) using three-dimensional human respiratory organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Despite efficient replication , TX37-H5N1 induced minimal interferon and inflammatory cytokine responses . Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed reduced STAT1-mediated transcriptional activity in TX37-H5N1-infected organoids compared to the historic H5N1 human isolate A/Vietn...

  By Tulip Hysteria / Go to albums - https://www.flickr.com/photos/36417567@N03/32380012237/ , CC BY 2.5,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=111521078 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fuseli ____

  Abstract Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is an established receptor for Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses (MERSr-CoVs), while recent studies have identified angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) usage in multiple merbecovirus clades . Yet, receptor usage of many genetically diverse bat MERSr-CoVs remains unclear . Here we show that broadly distributed HKU25 clade merbecoviruses use ACE2 , rather than DPP4, as their receptor. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that HsItaly2011 and VsCoV-a7 strains engage ACE2 similarly to HKU5 but with remodelled interfaces and distinct orthologue selectivity, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin of ACE2 recognition . EjCoV-3, a close relative of the DPP4-using BtCoV422, showed broad multi-species ACE2 tropism and preadaptation to human ACE2 . Several ACE2 glycans and residues within or near the binding interface were identified as determinants of orthologue selectivity. These viruses remain sensitive to several broadly neutr...

  Par Original téléversé par Cheminot sur Wikipédia français. — Transféré de fr.wikipedia à Commons par Bloody-libu utilisant CommonsHelper., GPL,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16780226 Source: Wikipedia,  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_Renault ____

  Clin Infect Dis CALABRESE C, Wang Y, Duggal A, Huang S, et al Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir or Molnupiravir Use in Immunocompromised Patients on B-Cell-Depleting Therapy With COVID-19: A Target Trial Emulation Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 24:ciaf521. doi: 10.1093. PubMed           Abstract available FONG Y, Huang Y, Huang Y, Woo W, et al Analysis of antibody markers as immune correlates of risk of severe COVID-19 in the PREVENT-19 efficacy trial of the NVX-CoV2373 recombinant protein vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 25:ciaf558. doi: 10.1093. PubMed           Abstract available KABORE JL, Laffont B, Diop M, Tardif MR, et al Real-World Effectiveness of Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir in Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization: A Population-Based Cohort Study in the Province of Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 29:ciaf145. doi: 10.1093. PubMed    ...

  Arch Virol YIN Y, Chen J, Chen S, Huang J, et al The SARS-CoV-2 N protein disrupts G3BP1 function and alters lipid metabolism in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Arch Virol. 2025;170:237. PubMed           Abstract available Biochem Soc Trans CALL MJ, Call ME, Wu X Insights from deep mutational scanning in the context of an emerging pathogen. Biochem Soc Trans. 2025;53:1169-1179. PubMed           Abstract available BMC Pediatr VASQUEZ-LOARTE T, Guerra GA, Saldarriaga EM, Torres-Gomez L, et al Healthcare access satisfaction before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among Peruvian children with down syndrome. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:874. PubMed           Abstract available Drugs SYED YY Clesrovimab: First Approval. Drugs. 2025;85:1487-1492. PubMed           Abstract available J Exp Med BISSETT C, Yong L, Spencer AJ, Ma FNL, et al Heterologo...

  By CARLOS TEIXIDOR CADENAS - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54505585 Source: WikiMedia Commons,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alameda_o_Estaci%C3%B3n_Central_de_Santiago_de_Chile,_con_el_Tren_del_Recuerdo_a_la_derecha.jpg ____

  {Summary} -- During current epidemiological week (from  23 to 29 Oct. 2025) , two new human cases of infection with West Nile Virus have been reported.  -- The cumulative number of confirmed cases this season so far rose to 773 (they were 771 last week), of these:  - 367 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 17 in Piedmont, 56 Lombardy, 35 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 30 Emilia-Romagna, 11 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 87 Latium, 2 Molise, 83 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 3 Sicily, 28 Sardinia,  - 56 were asymptomatic cases detected in blood donors ,  - 339 were West Nile Fever cases (of which: 1 imported from Kenya , 1  from Egypt and 1 from Maldives),  - 3 asymptomatic cases ,  - 8 unspecified cases.  -- Among confirmed cases, 72 fatalities have been recorded: 7 in Piedmont, 9 Lombardy, 1 Veneto, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 1 Marche, 19 Latium, 29 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 1 Sardinia.  - The Case-Fatality ...

  ABSTRACT Subtype H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs), which emerged in 1968 to cause a pandemic, have shown continual circulation and adaptation that has necessitated frequent updates of candidate vaccine viruses . Here, we sought to determine how genetic changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase of 21 antigenically distinct H3N2 IAVs isolated from 1968 to 2019 correlate with mammalian fitness and adaptation. We found a surge of adaptation between 1997 and 2002 , resulting in the emergence of A/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2) and poor vaccine efficacy , leading to an epidemic during the 2003–2004 season. This surge was characterized by a large reduction in binding to mammalian-type α2,6-linked sialic acids and increased infectivity and replication kinetics in humanized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. HA glycosylation also increased most rapidly from 1968 to 2004 and then plateaued. Symptomatic infections were only evident in mice following inoculation with viruses isolated in the 1...