ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract An extensive survey for the detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (HPAIV) H5 in seabird species is reported here . It was conducted between December 2023 and January 2024 , in thirteen breeding sites spanning from the northeastern sector of the Antarctic Peninsula to the Ross Sea , including the coasts of the Bellingshausen Sea and the Amundsen Sea . Nine individuals from Pygoscelis adeliae and Leucocarbo bransfieldensis tested positive for RT-PCR amplification of a H5 segment of HPAIV in two different locations on the Antarctic Peninsula . This study suggests the possibility of the first cases of HPAIV H5 in the Antarctic continent, potentially adding two new species to the list of infected species. It also highlights the southernmost suspected cases identified to date of surveillance, and notably, no cases were detected between the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea. Source: Scientific Reports,  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-14651-3 ____

  ABSTRACT Influenza A virus (IAV) infection of the respiratory tract can cause both respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms . Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain can occur in persons with seasonal influenza A or novel IAV infections , but the extent to which IAVs can infect and replicate in GI tissues is understudied. The ongoing outbreak of A( H5N1 ) IAV in US dairy cattle associated with sporadic human infections has highlighted the potential public health threat posed by the introduction of infectious virus into materials that may be consumed by humans , such as milk. Here, we review epidemiologic reports documenting the frequency of GI complications in humans infected with seasonal and novel IAVs and present laboratory studies supporting the capacity of IAV to replicate in mammalian GI tissues , with an emphasis on A(H5N1) viruses. Studies assessing the ability of IAV to cause mammalian infection following consumption of virus-contain...

  ABSTRACT The mammary gland is an essential organ for milk production, providing essential immune and nutritional support to offspring and supplying dairy products for human consumption. In both humans and animals , the lactating mammary gland is susceptible to bacterial and viral infections , which can lead to mastitis and, in some cases, vertical transmission to offspring , with potential adverse effects on infant health. However, until recently, the role of respiratory viruses in mammary gland infection has been relatively understudied, particularly their ability to infect mammary epithelial cells and transmit through lactation. The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle has demonstrated the virus’s capacity to replicate in the mammary gland, cause mastitis, and produce high viral loads in milk . This raises significant concerns about the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans and other animals in contact with infected d...

  Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development and adoption of wastewater-based epidemiology . Wastewater samples can provide genomic information for detecting and assessing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in communities and for estimating important epidemiological parameters such as the selection advantage of a viral variant . However, despite demonstrated successes, epidemiological data derived from wastewater suffers from potential biases . Of particular concern are shedding profiles , which can affect the relationship between true viral incidence and viral loads in wastewater. Changes in shedding between variants may decouple the established relationship between wastewater loads and clinical test data. Using mathematical modeling, simulations, and Swiss surveillance data , we demonstrate that estimates of the selection advantage of a variant are not biased by shedding profiles. We show that they are robust to differences in shedding between variants under a ...

  ABSTRACT Mpox, caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection, has emerged as a significant global health threat . The World Health Organization (WHO) has twice declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for mpox: first for the 2022–2023 global outbreak and subsequently for concurrent outbreaks in Africa. Beyond MPXV, other members of the Orthopoxvirus genus also pose growing risks of zoonotic spillover , with the potential to jump from animal reservoirs to humans . Clinically, mpox is distinguished from other Orthopoxvirus infections by its propensity to cause severe systemic manifestations alongside localized skin lesions , disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals . Although vaccines are available, effective therapeutics are equally essential in combating the mpox crisis. Current antiviral agents , including tecovirimat and brincidofovir , have demonstrated uncertain or disappointing efficacy...

  Abstract In an effort to avert future pandemics, surveillance studies aimed at identifying zoonotic viruses at high risk of spilling over into humans act to monitor the "viral chatter" at the animal-human interface. These studies are hampered, however, by the diversity of zoonotic viruses and the limited tools available to assess pandemic risk. Methods currently in use include the characterization of candidate viruses using in vitro laboratory assays and experimental transmission studies in animal models. However, transmission experiments yield relatively low-resolution outputs that are not immediately translatable to projections of viral dynamics at the level of a host population. To address this gap, we present an analytical framework to extend the use of measurements from experimental transmission studies to generate more quantitative risk assessments. Specifically, we use within-host viral titer data from index and contact animals to estimate parameters relevant to tran...

  {By gary noon - Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4077294 } __ {England, Devon} Premises with 5200 pheasants. Increased mortality, reduced water consumption and other clinical signs were reported. Samples were taken and were tested positive for HPAI H5N1. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6716 ____

ABSTRACT The 2.3.4.4b clade highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infected diverse non-human mammalian species , gained mammal-to-mammal transmission potential , and caused sporadic human infections . However, whether non-human mammals enable the human adaptation of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 to establish human infections is unclear. Gain-of-function research restrictions may hinder the assessment of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 human adaptations. Here, we tracked the evolution of 2.3.4.4b H5N1 that infected non-human mammals and evaluated their ability to gain human adaptations. The non-human mammal 2.3.4.4b H5N1 partly acquired classical human-adapting mutations , which are identical to the residues of H1N1pdm09 and seasonal human H3N2 viruses, while showing a few species-specific adaptations that might be potential barriers for successful human infections. The polymerase complex proteins , PA and PB2, acquired human adaptations in non-human mammals, with fox-infected viruses showing more positive selection in...

Abstract The study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer diagnosis, tumor characteristics, and staging in an Eastern-European country . This retrospective study included 11,635 breast cancer patients and clients presenting between March 2019 and March 2022. Patients were categorized into pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic groups . Data included age, sex, pathology, tumor characteristics (histologic type, grade, ER/PR/HER2 status), and TNM staging . Statistical analysis compared these parameters across the three-time intervals. During the pandemic, breast cancer diagnosis decreased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (9.1% vs. 13.17%, p < 0.001) but increased post-pandemic (11%, p = 0.013). Invasive ductal carcinoma of non-special type (IDC-NST) was predominant in all three-time periods. Aggressive tumors (Nottingham grade 3, ER negative) increased during the pandemic and post-pandemic times . Molecular subtypes showed variations ac...

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  By Benedikt Dohmen (User:Benedictus), Archiv-Nr. 92/39 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=496875 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_VT_11.5 ____

Abstract The first known human infection with a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus appeared in China in 1997 . Between 2003 and 2017, the WHO documented an additional 862 human cases, mainly from southeast Asia and Egypt , with a mean annual case fatality rate of 56%. By 2006, the susceptibility of cats to severe respiratory and neurologic disease became apparent. Scientists raised concerns regarding the potential for domestic cats to transmit novel pathogenic strains to humans. But after 2006, reports of new H5N1 infections in companion animals dwindled, and human cases fell after 2016. In 2021, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses suddenly appeared in Europe and spread rapidly to the Americas , wreaking havoc on wildlife and crippling the poultry and dairy industries . Between 2022 and 2025, dozens of domestic cats died , most often following raw food consumption . Unease regarding the transmission potential of pets resurfaced. Although most human infections in the Americas were mild an...

Abstract Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has re-emerged globally since May 2022, posing a significant public health threat . To address this, we develop two multivalent mRNA vaccine candidates —AAL, encoding three MPXV antigens, and AALI, which combines AAL with an immune-enhancing IFN-α protein. Both vaccines are delivered via mannose-modified lipid nanoparticles to target dendritic cells . Here we show that these vaccines elicit strong antibody responses against vaccinia virus and multiple MPXV clades , induce robust memory B-cell and T-cell responses, and promote dendritic cell maturation . In mouse challenge models , both vaccines provide protection against clade IIb MPXV and vaccinia virus , significantly reducing viral loads and preventing lung damage. Immune profiling reveals enhanced B- and T-cell receptor diversity and distinct CDR3 motifs post-vaccination. These findings demonstrate the potential of using mRNA-based multivalent vaccines as an effective strategy for preventing mpox and...

  Ann Intern Med CONLY J Expression of Concern: Medical Masks Versus N95 Respirators for Preventing COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Aug 5. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-03203. PubMed          BADUASHVILI A, Radonovich L, Leslie L, Pease S, et al Engineering Infection Controls to Reduce Indoor Transmission of Respiratory Infections : A Scoping Review. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Aug 5. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-00577. PubMed           Abstract available Antiviral Res YAO G, Shi X, Jiang H, Duan A, et al Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 6-aminoalkyl- and 7-heteroaryl substituted 7-deazapurine nucleoside analogs against SARS-CoV-2 Replication. Antiviral Res. 2025 Aug 1:106246. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106246. PubMed           Abstract available Clin Infect Dis BHIMRAJ A, Falck-Ytter Y, Baden LR, Bedimo R, et al 2025 Clinical Practice Guid...

  Antimicrob Agents Chemother HARFOOT R, Lawley B, Hernandez LC, Kuang J, et al Synthetic host defense peptide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69:e0170024. PubMed           Abstract available TATE M, Illingworth CJR, MacGregor G, Cunningham L, et al Clinical effectiveness, safety, and viral mutagenicity of oral favipiravir for COVID-19: results from a community-based, open-label, randomized Phase III trial. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69:e0005425. PubMed           Abstract available ZHOU Y, Meng X, Li J, Zeng G, et al Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody SA55 injection in healthy participants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69:e0056825. PubMed           Abstract available GOMI S, Price E, Burgoyne H, Faozia S, et al Omadacycline exhibits anti-inflammatory properties a...

  Abstract Importance :  Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N1 has been recognized for nearly three decades as a threat to avian species and as a virus with pandemic potential if spillover into human populations occurs. Recently the virus has evolved capacity to infect many mammalian species , including dairy cattle , increasing the risk for human exposure and the pandemic threat. Sialic acids (SA) serve as binding sites for influenza viruses. The distribution of SA determines infectivity of specific influenza viruses across species and tissue tropism . Hemagglutinin (HA) of human and swine adapted influenza viruses bind primarily to SA with α2,6-galactose linkages and avian influenza viruses preferentially bind to SA with α2,3-galactose linkages . Recently, the bovine udder was found to contain SA with α2,3 linkages which allow the H5N1 virus to bind to bovine udder epithelium and to infect milk. The distribution of SA receptors in the human mammary gland is unknown...

  Abstract Reassortment between different influenza strains occurs when they co-infect the same host cell . The emergence of a reassortant virus depends on both its intrinsic fitness and extrinsic factors , including pre-existing humoral immunity . The generation of pandemic strains , such as H2N2 and H3N2 , and zoonotic influenza A viruses, like H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9 , in birds is suggested to be the result of extensive selection by pre-existing antibodies . To further explore the role of humoral immunity in reassortment , we generated two divergent fluorescent protein-expressing viruses and used strain-specific and cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to assess the impact of cross-immunity on reassortment. Our results indicate that all mAbs altered the genotypic diversity and significantly reduced the release of progeny virions in co-infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, antibody transfer studies in mice revealed protection from challenge with divergent pathog...

  Abstract Vaccine responses vary widely in human studies. Here we pooled data measuring 66 cytokines from 4 different inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) cohorts over 5 seasons (N=581) and identified a significant correlation between baseline/day 0 serum IL-18 and IFN-β concentrations and the antibody response on day 28. We investigated this further in human tonsil and spleen organoids , and found that several cytokines, including multiple Type I IFNs (IFN-β and others), IL-21, IL-12, IL-10, but not IL-18 or its downstream Type II IFN (IFN-β), could adjuvant the IIV vaccine to enhance the antibody response . The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) induced a stronger antibody response than the inactivated one in organoids. Adding a single cytokine, IFN-β, recapitulated most of the live vaccine-specific cytokine activation program and increased the antibody response of the inactivated vaccine to that of the live vaccine. Thus, the human vaccinees and the organoid data showed th...

  De user:axpde - Opera propia, GFDL,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11625891 Source: Wikipedia,  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuetto_(treno) ____

  ABSTRACT The H5N1 strain of influenza A virus (IAV) continues to cause severe infections in a range of avian and mammalian species , including sporadic but concerning cases in humans. There is growing concern that circulating H5N1 strains could lead to widespread human outbreaks . Research with highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses is restricted to Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine vectors expressing heterologous viral proteins from Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Lassa virus, etc., have previously been shown to be safe and effective in animal models and human clinical trials . Here, we report the development of a recombinant VSV expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of H5N1 IAV (H5N1-VSV), which serves as a versatile platform to study various aspects of H5N1 IAV biology. H5N1-VSV replicated robustly to titers comparable to those of the full H5N1 virus in multiple cell lines. In mice , H5N1-VSV vaccination was safe, elicit...