Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is associated with a wide variety of neurological complications, of which mild complications like impaired cognitive functioning are most prominent. Even though several studies have shown that many influenza viruses can enter the CNS, the neuropathogenesis of seasonal (H3N2 and H1N1) and pandemic (pH1N1 2009) IAV infections is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cellular tropism, replication efficiency and associated functional consequences using a human stem cell-derived neural co-culture model of neurons and astrocytes. All viruses were able to infect neurons in the co-culture model, although this infection did not result in efficient replication and release of progeny virus. In addition, infection did not result in visible cell death or apoptosis. However, functional analyses revealed that IAV inoculation resulted in a reduction of spontaneous neural activity and a partial reduction of neural excitability. This study shows that seasonal and pandemic IAVs can disrupt neural homeostasis, without efficient virus replication or the induction of cell death. However, these functional changes in neural activity can contribute to cognitive problems during IAV infections in the acute and potentially post-acute phase of the infection.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funder Information Declared
ZonMw, The Dutch Organisation for knowledge and innovation in health, healthcare and well-being, https://ror.org/01yaj9a77, 91718308
The netherlands organisation for scientific research, OCENW.XS22.2.045, 024.003.001
Escmid, xx
European Union, 101084171
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672266v1
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