ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract In the United States, annual influenza vaccination has been recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months , including during the 2025–26 season. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates were calculated for patients with acute respiratory illness–associated outpatient visits and hospitalizations from three U.S. respiratory virus VE networks during the 2025–26 influenza season, using a test-negative case-control design . Among children and adolescents aged <18 years, VE was 38%–41% against influenza outpatient visits and 41% against influenza-associated hospitalization . Among adults aged ≥18 years, VE was 22%–34% against influenza outpatient visits and 30% against influenza-associated hospitalization . Among children and adolescents , VE against influenza A ranged from 37% (against outpatient visits) to 42% (against hospitalization) across settings; among adults , VE against influenza A ranged from 30% (against hospitalization) to 34% (against outpatient vis...

  Abstract Background :  The H1N1 influenza A virus evades host immunity through continuous antigenic drift, posing a significant challenge to broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody therapies. This study aims to systematically evaluate the neutralizing capacity of the broad-spectrum antibody C12H5 against H1N1 strains from different eras and identify key immune escape mutation sites .  Methods :  Three representative H1N1 virus strains from 2009, 2018, and 2023 were selected. An antigen–antibody binding prediction model based on the ESM-2 large language model was constructed by integrating 48,762 GISAID sequence data and deep mutation scanning data from the Bloom laboratory. Candidate escape sites were screened using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) value analysis. Mutant viruses were constructed via reverse genetics, and their neutralizing capacity and replication fitness were validated through hemagglutination inhibition assays, microneutralization assays, and vi...