ETIDIOH - NEW

  ABSTRACT Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause human influenza pandemics . Swine are considered “ mixing vessels ” for generating novel reassortant influenza A viruses . In 2009, a swine-origin reassortant virus (2009 pandemic H1N1, pdm/09 H1N1 ) spilled over to humans , causing a global influenza pandemic . This virus soon spread back into swine herds and reassorted with the circulating swIAVs. We previously reported that the genotype 4 (G4) reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus , which bore pdm/09- and triple reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes, had been predominant in swine populations of China since 2016, posing a threat to both the swine industry and public health . Here, our ongoing surveillance confirmed that G4 EA H1N1 viruses remained the predominant swIAVs in China from 2019 to 2023 and had reassorted with the co-circulating swIAVs, such as the H3N2 virus, to generate novel reassortant EA H1N2 viruses...

  ABSTRACT The ferret model is widely used to study influenza A viruses (IAVs) isolated from multiple avian and mammalian species , as IAVs typically replicate in the respiratory tract of ferrets without the need for prior host adaptation . During standard IAV risk assessments , tissues are routinely collected from ferrets at a fixed time point post-inoculation to assess the capacity for systemic spread. Here, we describe a data set of virus titers in tissues collected from both respiratory tract and extrapulmonary sites 3 days post-inoculation from over 300 ferrets inoculated with more than 100 unique IAVs (inclusive of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 , and H9 IAV subtypes, both mammalian and zoonotic origin ). All experiments were conducted by a single research group under a uniform experimental protocol , making it the largest well-controlled publicly available data set to date of discrete tissue titers reported on a per-ferret level. Analysis of these tissues revealed spatial variation in i...

  Highlights •  The H5N1 influenza virus-like particle vaccines are prepared through baculovirus expression vector system. • In vitro assessments have confirmed that this VLP vaccine has the correct conformation and functional activity. • This VLP vaccine induces robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice , and provides complete protection against infection with the matched strain. Abstract Avian influenza virus infections pose a potential pandemic threat . The currently licensed vaccines have inherent limitations, emphasizing the urgent need for improved influenza vaccines. Here, we developed a novel hemagglutinin (HA) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate through the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). The engineered VLPs incorporate HA from H5N1 and matrix 1 (M1) protein from H1N1 . Comprehensive characterization revealed that purified HA VLPs exhibited morphological fidelity to native influenza virions while maintaining key viral biological propert...

  Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype has been infecting U.S dairy cattle and spreading among dairy farms since March 2024 . H5N1 surveillance systems for dairy farms are needed, but information on whether environmental sampling can inform these systems is lacking. To guide a surveillance framework , we determined the environmental locations on H5N1-affected dairies (n = 25) in four states (California, Colorado, Michigan, and Ohio) that harbored influenza A virus (IAV), and explored sample characteristics that may influence viral detection. A total of 623 samples from environments and sale barns were characterized for IAV and classified into six categories based on location. A total of 94 samples ( 15.1% ) had IAV detected , the majority in the following categories: milking equipment/personal protective equipment , parlor surfaces , and wastewater/lagoons/manure . These results suggest that dairy environments most likely to harbor IAV are those with...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/filippo-lippi/the-adoration-of-the-infant-jesus-1459 ____

  Am J Obstet Gynecol ROSSEN LM, Hoyert DL, Horon I, Branum AM, et al Trends in Maternal Mortality Rates by State, United States, 2018-2023. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Aug 28:S0002-9378(25)00585. PubMed           Abstract available Antiviral Res BI W, Zhu T, Xu Y, Chen Y, et al An engineered chimeric ACE2-HR2 peptide exhibits potent and broad-spectrum activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106265. PubMed           Abstract available ICHIKAWA T, Tamura T, Nao N, Suzuki H, et al Characterization of remdesivir resistance mutations in COVID-19 patients with various immunosuppressive diseases. Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106264. PubMed           Abstract available TASHIMA R, Kuroda T, Nobori H, Miyagawa S, et al Ensitrelvir suppresses prolonged olfactory abnormalities derived from SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters. Antiviral Res. 2025 Sep 2:106270. doi...

  Antimicrob Agents Chemother YAMADA AY, de Souza AR, Madalosso G, de Assis DB, et al Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal complex 2 in multiple hospitals in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025 Jul 23:e0186524. doi: 10.1128/aac.01865. PubMed           Abstract available Biochemistry XIA H, Wei D, Guo Z, Chung LW, et al Machine Learning on the Impacts of Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD on Binding Affinity to Human ACE2 Based on Deep Mutational Scanning Data. Biochemistry. 2025;64:3790-3800. PubMed           Abstract available Cell KONG W, Lu WJ, Dubey M, Suryawanshi RK, et al Neuroendocrine cells orchestrate regeneration through Desert hedgehog signaling. Cell. 2025;188:5020-5038. PubMed           Abstract available J Gen Virol POKHAREL BR, Majumdar N, Williams F, Dickerson A, et al SARS-CoV-2 infection of su...

  Abstract Understanding the transmission routes of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) is crucial for developing effective control measures to prevent its spread . In this context, windborne transmission , the idea that the virus could travel through the air over considerable distances, is a contentious concept, and documented cases have been rare. Here, though, we provide genetic evidence supporting the feasibility of windborne transmission . During the 2023−24 HPAI season , molecular surveillance identified identical H5N1 strains among a cluster of unrelated commercial farms about 8 km apart in the Czech Republic . The episode started with the abrupt mortality of fattening ducks on one farm. This was followed by disease outbreaks at two nearby high-biosecurity chicken farms . Using genetic, epizootiological, meteorological and geographical data, we reconstructed a mosaic of events strongly suggesting wind was the most probable mechanism of infection transmission between po...

  By Superalbs - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93344176 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_460 ____

  Situation at a glance On 1 September 2025, WHO received an alert from the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) regarding suspected cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Bulape Health Zone, Kasai Province, DRC .  The first known index case was a pregnant woman who presented at Bulape General Reference Hospital on 20 August 2025 with symptoms of high fever, bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhage and extreme weakness . She died on 25 August from multiple organ failure .  On 4 September 2025 , following confirmatory laboratory testing, the Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of EVD .  Ebola virus disease is a serious , often fatal illness in humans. The virus is transmitted to humans through close contact with the blood or secretions of infected wildlife and then spreads through human-to-human transmission .  As of 4 September 2025, 28 suspected cases, including 15 deaths (case fatality ratio (CFR): 54%), have been reported from three ar...

  ABSTRACT Bourbon virus (BRBV) is an emerging tick-borne virus that can cause severe and fatal disease in humans . BRBV is vectored via the Amblyomma americanum tick , which is widely distributed throughout the central, eastern, and southern United States . Serosurveillance studies in Missouri and North Carolina identified BRBV-neutralizing antibodies in approximately 0.6% of tested individuals . To date, no specific antiviral therapy exists. As part of an initial screen, several nucleoside analogs were tested for their ability to inhibit BRBV replication in cell culture. Among the compounds assessed, molnupiravir , an antiviral drug with oral availability and broad spectrum antiviral activity against RNA viruses, showed antiviral activity against BRBV production in vitro. In vivo, pre-exposure administration of molnupiravir protected susceptible type I interferon receptor knockout (Ifnar1-/-) mice against lethal BRBV infection. The protection by molnupiravir was associated with l...

{Summary} Time Period: August 24, 2025 - August 30, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  3 sites ( 0.7% ) -- No Detection :  428 sites ( 99.3% ) -- No samples in last week :  31 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Summary Background Influenza vaccination is widely recommended to prevent death and serious illness in vulnerable people , including those with heart failure . However, the randomised evidence to support this practice is limited and few people are vaccinated in many parts of the world. We aimed to determine whether influenza vaccination can improve the outcome of patients after an episode of acute heart failure requiring admission to hospital in China . Methods We undertook a pragmatic, multiregional, parallel-group, cluster (hospital)-randomised, controlled, superiority trial over three winter seasons in China. Participating hospitals were located in the counties of 12 provinces with the capability of establishing a point-of-care service to provide free influenza vaccination to a sufficient number of patients before their discharge, if allocated to the intervention group. No such service was used in hospitals allocated to usual care (control) but patients were informed of fee-fo...

  Abstract H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have spread globally and pose a risk for a human pandemic . Prior studies suggest that early life exposures to group 1 influenza viruses (H1N1 and H2N2) prime antibodies that cross-react to the hemagglutinin of H5N1 , which is also a group 1 virus. Less is known about how immune history affects antibody responses against the neuraminidase (NA) of H5N1 viruses. Here, we measured NA inhibition antibodies against multiple H5N1 viruses using sera from 155 individuals born between 1927 and 2016 . We found that individuals primed in childhood with H1N1 viruses were more likely to possess higher levels of antibodies that cross-react with the NA of H5N1 viruses compared to individuals primed in childhood with H2N2 or H3N2 viruses. While young children rarely possessed cross-reactive NA antibodies, we found that childhood infections with contemporary H1N1 , but not H3N2, viruses can elicit them. These data suggest that immune history...

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - As of January 1, 2025, 37 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A( H5N1 ) had been detected in California , none of which occurred in San Francisco. -- What is added by this report? - On January 9, 2025, a case of HPAI A(H5N1) infection was identified in a school-aged child in San Francisco through enhanced surveillance (influenza A virus subtyping of a sample of specimens weekly). No source of exposure was identified, and investigations found no laboratory evidence of human-to-human transmission among close contacts. -- What are the implications for public health practice? - Enhanced surveillance and timely subtyping of a subset of influenza A–positive specimens, including specimens from persons without known A(H5N1) exposure, are important to detect avian influenza A virus infections. Public health investigations are critical to monitoring for human-to-human transmission. Abstract In response to a highly pat...

  Kinshasa – Health authorities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have declared an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kasai Province where 28 suspected cases and 15 deaths , including four health workers, have been reported as of 4 September 2025. The outbreak has affected Bulape and Mweka health zones in Kasai Province where health officials have been carrying out investigations after the cases and the deaths reported presented with symptoms including fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and haemorrhage . Samples tested on 3 September at the country’s National Institute of Biomedical Research in the capital Kinshasa confirmed the cause of the outbreak as Ebola Zaire caused by Ebola virus disease.    A national Rapid Response Team joined by World Health Organization (WHO) experts in epidemiology, infection prevention and control, laboratory and case management has been deployed to Kasai Province to rapidly strengthen disease surveillance, treatment and infection prevention an...