ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract The risk of cardiovascular outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in adults , but evidence in children and adolescents is limited . This paper assessed the risk of a multitude of cardiac signs, symptoms, and conditions 28-179 days after infection , with outcomes stratified by the presence of congenital heart defects (CHDs), using electronic health records (EHR) data from 19 children’s hospitals and health institutions from the United States within the RECOVER consortium between March 2020 and September 2023. The cohort included 297,920 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and 915,402 SARS-CoV-2-negative controls. Every individual had at least a six-month follow-up after cohort entry. Here we show that children and adolescents with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection are at a statistically significant increased risk of various cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, ventricular arrhythmias , myocarditis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, thromboemboli...

{Excerpts} Situation at a glance On 13 March 2025, the International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) reported 11 cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) to WHO. Additionally, between 11 February and 18 March 2025 , the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional IHR contact point received reports of six isolated cases of IMD , either through notification or bilateral communication with IHR NFPs. These cases involve individuals who had recently returned from Umrah . Meningococcal disease remains a global public health concern, particularly in the context of mass gathering events such as Hajj and Umrah . The government of Saudi Arabia regularly issues health requirements for Hajj and Umrah, including vaccination policies. As of 10 March 2025, KSA health authorities estimated that only 54% of international Umrah pilgrims had complied with the meningococcal vaccination requirements . The significant number of pilgrims traveling to KSA ...

{Excerpt} Time Period: March 30, 2025 - April 05, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  4 sites ( 1.1% ) -- No Detection :  372 sites ( 98.9% ) -- No samples in last week :  256 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html ____

 <Outbreaks 1-3> In early April, Livestock Hygiene Service Centres (LHSCs) in Kumamoto Prefecture received notifications from farmers with animals presenting clinical signs and collected samples. On 8 April, the LHSCs confirmed positive for Equine Influenza by RT-PCR. Genotyping is currently underway. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6420 ____

Abstract Measles outbreaks continue to pose significant public health challenges globally despite the availability of effective vaccines. In this study, we evaluated wastewater-based surveillance for detection of measles virus during an ongoing outbreak in Texas . Weekly wastewater samples collected from two Texas cities between January 2 and March 17, 2025 were analyzed using multiple RT-PCR assays targeting the nucleoprotein and matrix genes of the measles virus. Viral RNA was detected in multiple days from both cities , with City A showing positives from January 13 and City B from January 6, both predating the first confirmed case in the state on January 23. Sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed the specificity of detection and phylogenetic analysis using global and U.S. measles genome databases further validated that the viral RNA belonged to the currently circulating genotype D8 . Our findings demonstrate that wastewater surveillance can provide early evidence of measles virus cir...

Highlights •  Impact of genetic evolution in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 on subtyping assay performance. •  Influenza A subtyping assays are susceptible to primer- or probe-binding mismatches. •  Subclades 6B.1 A.5a.2a.1 and 6B.1 A.5a.2a harbour mutations that caused subtyping failures in some specimens. •  Sequencing confirmed all specimens were H1N1pdm09, within recognized subclades. Abstract Background During the 2023–2024 and early 2024–2025 influenza seasons , several influenza A-positive specimens in our laboratory failed subtyping for H1 , H1pdm09, and H3 using the Allplex Respiratory Panel 1 (Allplex RP1) (Seegene Inc.). This study aimed to identify the cause of these subtyping failures. Materials and Methods Between August 2023 and December 2024 , 23 nasopharyngeal specimens tested positive for influenza A but were unsubtypeable for H1, H1pdm09, and H3. Confirmatory testing by the manufacturer included target-specific PCR for the M and HA genes, followed by seque...

Abstract In November 2022, we reported a fatal case of human infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus bearing a clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene in Changsha City . We investigated the transmission route and distribution of the H5N6 virus in the largest live-poultry market (LPM), which is linked to the human infection. A total of 1357 samples from the LPM were collected for avian influenza A virus detection from 2020 to 2023. The proportion of LPM samples positive for H5 subtype avian influenza virus was 14.30% (194/1357). Sequences of H5N6 (n = 10) and H5N1 (n = 4) avian influenza viruses were obtained from the LPM samples using next-generation sequencing. The complete genome sequence of the H5N6 virus from the human infection case, A/Changsha/1/2022(EPI_ISL_16466440), was determined and analyzed. The PB1 and PB2 segments shared 99.65% and 99.23% sequence identity with A/duck/Hunan/S40199/2021(H5N6) and A/Whooper swan/Sanmenxia/H615/2020(H5N8), respectively. The othe...

Abstract Background :  As a natural accelerator of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds , the H9 subtype of avian influenza poses a substantial threat to both humans and the poultry industry . A comprehensive meta-analysis is necessary to assess the current status of the global H9 outbreak. In this research, a literature review and meta-analysis are presented on the surveillance studies of the H9 subtype of avian influenza in wild birds worldwide up to 2024. Methods :  A comprehensive search strategy was employed, utilizing the China Science and Technology Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scientific Direct databases. The exclusion criteria for this study included duplicate studies, reviews, other host studies, as well as research with inconsistent or insufficient data. An analysis was conducted on data obtained from a total of 31 publications. The rate-conversion analyses were conducted using a random-effects mod...

Abstract Three studies recently published in Cell reveal distinct ACE2 binding interactions across the merbecoviruses , uncovering how HKU5 can use ACE2s of many non-human hosts and identifying a novel HKU5 lineage capable of using human ACE2. These findings highlight merbecovirus receptor plasticity and caution for preparedness against potential merbecovirus threats. Source: Cell, Host & Microbe,  https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(25)00096-4?rss=yes ____

{Kauno Region} Information about dead mute swans was received through passive surveillance. The swan was sampled and delivered to the National Reference Laboratory for HPAI detection. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6414 ____

Abstract An increase in pneumonia-related emergency department visits was observed in Lombardy, northern Italy, during June–October 2024. Viral causes appear insufficient to explain the increase, suggesting a bacterial cause . Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis emerged as possible causes when other surveillance systems were consulted, but the reasons behind this trend remain unknown . Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/5/24-1790_article ____

{Automatic translation. Edited.}  www.gob.mx/salud The Ministry of Health reports the death of the first human case of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Mexico .  It is reported that a three-year-old girl diagnosed with avian influenza A(H5N1) and a resident of Durango died today at 1:35 a.m. due to respiratory complications resulting from the infection.  It is a viral disease that affects birds (wild and domestic), mammals and occasionally humans.  Local, state, and federal health, environmental, and agricultural authorities continue prevention and control measures within the context of One Health. So far, 38 human contacts of the case have been sampled, all of which have tested negative .  No additional human cases have been identified, and the risk of further cases is considered low.  X:  @SSalud_mx   Source: Ministry of Health,  https://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/secretaria-de-salud-informa-la-defuncion-del-primer-caso-humano-de-influenza-avi...

Significance Anti-influenza therapeutics remain essential for the control of influenza infections , which may require hospitalization for the most severe cases. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the two membrane glycoproteins of the influenza virus, play crucial roles in the viral replication cycle. While many monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors target HA or NA, each faces limitations tied to their individual properties. We developed an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) by covalently linking the NA inhibitor zanamivir to MEDI8852, an HA stem-specific monoclonal antibody . The MEDI8852–zanamivir conjugate targets both HA and NA and offers robust and long-lasting protection in mice against lethal infections with influenza A and B viruses. This approach represents an addition to anti-influenza therapy. Abstract Influenza remains a significant public health threat . Both monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors can target the influenza surface glycoproteins ...

ABSTRACT The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 , particularly those of the currently circulating clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4, are largely responsible for the sporadic human infections that frequently present with a high case fatality rate . Consequently, there is an urgent necessity for the development of advanced antiviral therapeutic options against the H5 HPAIVs. Herein, the yeast two-hybrid system was employed for identifying seven nanobodies that bind the HA1 domain of hemagglutinin (HA). Among these nanobodies, Nb10 was found to exhibit high-affinity and broad-spectrum neutralization capacity against viruses of clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Surprisingly, Nb10 exhibited excellent efficacy against the recombinant viruses Re6/PR8, Re8/PR8, Re10/PR8, Re11/PR8, and Re14/PR8 of the subtype H5, with average half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.42 µg/mL in a microneutralization assay. Furtherm...

 A wild Booted Eagle in HaZafon Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6408 ____

Abstract Background and Objectives :  The Netherlands faces zoonotic disease risks due to its dense human and livestock populations . The 2009 H1N1 outbreak highlighted the pandemic potential of influenza virus reassortment. Effective preparedness requires integrating behavioural and epidemiological models . Human behaviour, shaped by personal, social, and institutional factors , is critical in detecting, intervening, and treating diseases. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), a framework was developed integrating knowledge from the TPB to improve early detection and response, using (zoonotic) swine influenza as a case study.  Material and Methods :  Within the framework we defined the desired outcome : timely detection and notification of symptomatic (and hypothetical zoonotic) swine influenza to prevent its spread. Actions, such as symptom recognition and disease reporting, were linked to key drivers extracted from the TPB and disease transmission modelling. Exp...

Abstract The H5 Avian Influenza A virus infection has emerged as a global concern , particularly in the ASEAN region . This viral infection poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, public health, and regional economies . This region’s reliance on poultry production and the zoonotic potential of H5 subtypes, with documented transmission to various mammalian species and humans , necessitates proactive mitigation strategies. Over the years, comprehensive efforts such as surveillance, vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and public health education have been implemented to keep outbreaks at bay. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the H5 infections in the ASEAN region, focusing on the unique challenges and successes in this geographic area. We analyze epidemiological trends , including specific high-risk populations and transmission patterns, and assess the socioeconomic impact of H5 outbreaks on local communities. We also examine regional responses , highli...

Highlights •  Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was circulating in Europe in 2023 •  Most EV-D68 cases were captured through clinical EV surveillance •  Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region revealed a distinct B3-derived lineage •  The identified B3 lineage presented a previously undescribed residue change, D554E Abstract Background Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes respiratory disease ranging from mild to severe and in rare cases a paralytic syndrome, called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Since the global EV-D68 outbreak in 2014, the virus has mainly circulated in biennial epidemic cycles with peaks detected during even years. However, following the COVID-19 pandemic, the seasonal pattern of EV-D68 has been characterized by large yearly upsurges . Here, we describe the circulation of EV-D68 in Europe in 2023 and track its genetic evolution. Study design Data was compiled from members of the European Non-Polio Network (ENPEN). This included monthly data on the total number of...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/giorgione/judith ____

Abstract The risk of a respiratory viral pandemic is significant , including from the now widespread panzootic H5N1 influenza virus , highlighting the need for effective, stable, and inexpensive vaccine technologies that elicit strongly protective immunity. Intranasal vaccines can stimulate local immune responses at the site of natural respiratory viral infection, a key characteristic that can not only reduce morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory viruses but also potentially reduce viral transmissibility to limit outbreaks. Nucleic acid vaccines are now a valuable tool in pandemic responses, with high potency and rapid adaptability to target circulating or emerging viral strains; however, data are limited on which vaccine attributes are needed for efficient transmucosal delivery and immune stimulation following intranasal delivery. To demonstrate proof of concept , here we have developed a replicon vaccine expressing an H5 influenza antigen that uses a nanostructured lipid carr...