ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (IAV) clade 2.3.4.4b has spread globally and spilled over into multiple mammalian species , raising concerns about its pandemic potential . In late 2022, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses devastated seabird and marine mammal populations along the Pacific coast of South America . Here, we report the first evidence of H5 IAV infections in wild bats globally, focusing on common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in coastal areas of Peru . Longitudinal serological screening , stable isotope analysis and metabarcoding revealed repeated exposures to H5 IAVs in vampire bats which feed on coastal wildlife species heavily impacted by the 2.3.4.4b epizootic, but no evidence of infection in populations without access to marine prey. We further report bat gene flow between IAV-exposed and IAV-naive populations , and IAV infections in a vampire bat colony that fed on both marine and terrestrial livestock prey, providing insights into how future I...

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - A total of 117 H9N2 cases of human infection of Chinese origin had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by May 9, 2025, with 22 of them originating in Hunan Province. -- What is added by this report? - This article reported on the investigation of three new H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) infections detected in Changsha, Hunan Province , in April 2025. No epidemiological link was found among them. Exposure to live poultry was identified as the primary risk factor for infection. Sequence analysis of the three H9N2 AIVs showed a similarity of 99.71%–99.82% between hemagglutinin (HA), and the homology of the neuraminidase (NA) genes was 98.41%–99.83%. Although the tests showed that the HA had enhanced binding ability to upper respiratory tract cells’ receptors , no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found so far. -- What are the implications for public health practice? - This study indicate...

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - The H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) demonstrates considerable capacity for interspecies transmission and has been documented in multiple mammalian hosts , including equine and canine species. During 2022–2023, three laboratory-confirmed human infections with H3N8 were reported in China, heightening public health concerns about the zoonotic spillover potential of H3 subtype AIVs. -- What is added by this report? - This study reports the isolation of a genetically reassorted, low-pathogenicity H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) from an islet in Niukouyu Wetland Park, Beijing Municipality — the first detection of this viral strain in a wild environment within the city. Throat swabs collected from park staff tested negative for influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the viral hemagglutinin gene originated from the Eurasian lineage, while the neuraminidase gene was derived from the North American lineage . Althoug...

  Abstract Influenza pandemics arise when novel influenza virus subtypes emerge in populations with little or no pre-existing immunity . The recent expansion of H5N1 virus circulation in mammals — including documented spread in cattle and sporadic human infections — coupled with the emergence of mutations associated with enhanced pandemic potential , underscores the persistent threat of novel influenza strains. Pandemic preparedness critically depends on developing effective vaccines capable of providing broad protection across diverse viral strains. While vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing influenza and its complications, pandemic vaccine development faces substantial challenges . These include the rapid mutation rates characteristic of influenza viruses, driven by error-prone RNA replication, broad host range, environmental selection pressures, and frequent genetic recombination. Such factors complicate predictions of which strain will trigger the next...

  Authors: Freja CM Kirsebom{1}, Catherine Thompson{2}, Tiina Talts{2}, Beatrix Kele{2}, Heather J Whitaker{3}, Nurin Abdul Aziz{1}, Christopher Rawlinson{1}, Rebecca E Green{1}, Catherine Quinot{1}, Nicholas Gardner{1}, Elizabeth Waller{1}, Alex Allen{1}, Conall H Watson{1,4}, Suzanna LR McDonald{1}, Maria Zambon{2}, Richard Pebody{4,5}, Mary Ramsay{6,7}, Katja Hoschler{2}, Anika Singanayagam{*2,4}, Jamie Lopez Bernal{*1,4}  {*} Joint last authors  {1} Immunisation and Vaccine-preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {2} Respiratory Virus Unit (RVU), UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {3} Modelling Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {4} NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, United Kingdom  {5} Epidemic and Emerging Infections Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {6} Public Health Programmes Directorate, UK H...

  Abstract Between 2022 and 2025, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in poultry and wildlife across most countries in Central and South America . The epizootic peaked in 2023, subsided in 2024, and resurged in 2025 . In Central America , outbreaks in wildlife were few and small, and mostly affected pelicans . In contrast, South America experienced unprecedented mass mortality in colonial seabirds and pinnipeds , including endangered and endemic species. Notably, viral adaptation enabled mammal-to-mammal transmission in pinnipeds and rapid viral spread across multiple countries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts . Subsequent introductions to subantarctic islands and Antarctica stemmed from South American viruses. In February 2025, a novel reassortant virus emerged, recombining HPAI H5N1 B3.2 genotype with South American low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses . In May 2025, HPAI H5N1 viruses re-emerged in Brazil , causing a series of outb...

{Northern Ireland} 56 week-old hens-table egg layers. Positive test for HPAI H5N1, clinical signs presented prior to testing. 10-week-old approx. turkey broilers. Positive test for HPAI H5N1, clinical signs presented prior to testing. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7000 ____

  A poultry farm in Sachsen Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7002 ____

Wild Mute Swans in Kiev Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6994 ____

  Abstract In developing countries particularly in field conditions unfavorable environmental conditions, lack of availability of appropriate transport media (TM) and maintenance of cold chain during transport; sample collection , storage, and transportation is more challenging . Considering these facts, five TM out of which three laboratory-based media named phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 50% glycerol + PBS , and normal saline (NS) and two commercially available media including viral transport medium (VTM), charcoal based viral transport medium (CVTM) were compared to protect infectivity of the H5N1 influenza virus . Spiked fecal sample and allantoic fluid with and without these TM were placed in field simulatory storage and transportation conditions and in every 12 h time interval these samples were tested for virus isolation in embryonated chicken egg inoculation and identification by HA test and RT PCR upto 7 days. Survivability of the virus was detected by calculating the pe...

  Abstract Background :  Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic illness endemic to West Africa, with no licensed vaccines or targeted treatments available, highlighting a critical gap in global health preparedness. T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in viral control and survival. Synthetic DNA vaccines offer a promising strategy to induce both humoral and cellular immunity against LF. Methods :  A Phase 1b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of INO-4500 , a DNA vaccine encoding the Lassa virus (Josiah strain) glycoprotein precursor (GPC). A total of 220 healthy adults were randomized to receive either 1 mg or 2 mg of INO-4500 (intervention), or placebo, administered intradermally (ID) followed by electroporation (EP) at Day 0 and Week 4. Safety was evaluated through Week 48. Primary immunogenicity endpoints included humoral and cellular immune responses at multiple time...

  Abstract Infectious diseases are often observed to have different epidemiology in different countries , which arises due to various factors including those that are ecological, socioeconomic, and healthcare-related . Such variability can sometimes be best captured through looking at groups of countries that are similar within-group but variable between-group. In this study we use statistical learning methods to generate data-driven disease-centric groupings of countries rather than those developed for administrative or political reasons by e.g. the WHO, World Bank, and the United Nations. In particular, we apply hierarchical clustering to group countries based on shared disease-relevant characteristics for zoonotic H5N1 influenza . Using statistical methods such as classification and regression trees (CART)-based imputation and dynamic tree cutting, the analysis accounts for missing data and identifies epidemiologically (rather than politically or economically) meaningful cluster...

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/charles-meryon/le-stryge ____

  Par Auteur inconnu — Ligne de Sens à Nogent sur Seine in Les Forums de Passions Métrique et Etroite, Beitrag aus dem Jahre 2013. Siehe auch Renault Typ NF im Modellbau-Wiki., Domaine public,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70650101 Source: Wikipedia,  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_Renault ____

  Summary Background Given the continued global circulation of monkeypox virus (MPXV), we aimed to assess the long-term clinical consequences of MPXV infection and the continued presence of the virus in saliva, semen, and the anorectum . We also aimed to compare long-term antibody dynamics after MPXV infection with modified vaccinia Ankara–Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccination. Methods In this mixed retrospective and prospective cohort study, adults with acute MPXV infection at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium) were enrolled in a clinical registry (MPX-COHORT) from May 13, 2022, with follow-up at 1 month after infection. On Oct 3, 2022, we initiated a long-term follow-up study (POQS-FU-PLUS) to extend follow-up of people with mpox and to establish a parallel cohort of adults who received MVA-BN vaccination between Aug 3, 2022, and Jan 4, 2023. Participants were eligible for the second cohort if they received two doses of MVA-BN, unless they had previous smallpox ...

  Abstract Bats are associated with some of the most significant and virulent emerging zoonoses globally , yet research and surveillance of bat pathogens remains limited across parts of the world. We surveyed the prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses from bats in Taita Hills, southeastern Kenya , as part of ongoing surveillance efforts in this remote part of eastern Africa. We collected fecal and intestinal samples in May 2018 and March 2019 from 16 bat species . We detected one genus of coronavirus (alphacoronavirus), with an overall RNA prevalence of 6.5% (30/463). The prevalence of coronavirus RNA was 3.8% (9/235) and 11.6% (21/181) for the two most captured free-tailed bat species, Mops condylurus and M. pumilus respectively, with no detections from other bat species (0/90). Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and whole genome sequences revealed that the sequences clustered together and were closely related to alphacoronaviru...

  By Matthias-Tf - Own work, CC BY 4.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=161756539 Source: Wikipedia,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brissonneau_et_Lotz_locomotives ____

  Acad Emerg Med OHLE R, Roy D, Baraku E, Patel K, et al A Prospective Multi-Center Implementation Study to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Acad Emerg Med. 2025 Nov 3. doi: 10.1111/acem.70177. PubMed           Abstract available Am J Obstet Gynecol YE Y, Mahati S, Aihemaiti W, Lu G, et al A postpartum-adapted algorithm for safe management of suspected pulmonary embolism: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2025 Nov 1:S0002-9378(25)00813. PubMed           Abstract available Antiviral Res DENG X, Zou J, Liang Z, Ren P, et al A Dual-Reporter HCoV-OC43 for Coronavirus Biology and Countermeasure Development. Antiviral Res. 2025 Nov 3:106306. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106306. PubMed           Abstract available BMJ WISE J Covid-19: Major study compares myocarditis risk in children after vaccination or infec...

  Antimicrob Agents Chemother YAO B-F, Yang Y, Xu S-S, Tang B-H, et al Model-informed drug development in public health emergency of international concern: accelerating marketing authorization of simnotrelvir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025 Sep 18:e0061425. doi: 10.1128/aac.00614. PubMed           Abstract available LODISE TP, Min J, Nathanson BH, Yucel E, et al Comparison of early treatment with ceftolozane/tazobactam versus polymyxin-based therapy of pneumonia due to MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PUMA). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69:e0056925. PubMed           Abstract available DE LA PORTE DES VAUX C, Veyrenche N, Silva KD, Chavarot N, et al Immunocompromised patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding >/=8 weeks, clinical outcomes, and virological dynamics: a retrospective multicenter cohort study, 2020-2024. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025 Sep 26:e0065825. doi: 10.1128/aac.00658....

  {By Kandukuru Nagarjun from Bangalore, India - Peacock on tree, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=119724930 } Captive Indian Peafowl birds in Haskovo Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6999 ____